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TaroTime/data/planet-science.json
2026-03-07 01:09:00 -08:00

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{
"meta": {
"source": "NASA Planetary Fact Sheet (selected values, rounded)",
"notes": "Core physical/orbital values are approximate and intended for educational UI display."
},
"planets": [
{
"id": "mercury",
"name": "Mercury",
"symbol": "☿︎",
"classification": "Terrestrial planet",
"summary": "The smallest planet and closest to the Sun, with extreme day/night temperature swings.",
"meanDistanceFromSun": {
"kmMillions": 57.9,
"au": 0.387
},
"orbitalPeriod": {
"days": 87.969,
"years": 0.241
},
"rotationPeriodHours": 1407.6,
"radiusKm": 2439.7,
"diameterKm": 4879.4,
"massKg": 3.3011e23,
"gravityMs2": 3.7,
"escapeVelocityKms": 4.25,
"axialTiltDeg": 0.03,
"averageTempC": 167,
"moons": 0,
"atmosphere": "Extremely thin exosphere (oxygen, sodium, hydrogen, helium, potassium).",
"notableFacts": [
"A solar day lasts about 176 Earth days.",
"Its surface is heavily cratered like Earths Moon."
]
},
{
"id": "venus",
"name": "Venus",
"symbol": "♀︎",
"classification": "Terrestrial planet",
"summary": "Earth-sized but shrouded in dense clouds, with a runaway greenhouse effect.",
"meanDistanceFromSun": {
"kmMillions": 108.2,
"au": 0.723
},
"orbitalPeriod": {
"days": 224.701,
"years": 0.615
},
"rotationPeriodHours": -5832.5,
"radiusKm": 6051.8,
"diameterKm": 12103.6,
"massKg": 4.8675e24,
"gravityMs2": 8.87,
"escapeVelocityKms": 10.36,
"axialTiltDeg": 177.36,
"averageTempC": 464,
"moons": 0,
"atmosphere": "Very dense carbon dioxide with sulfuric acid clouds.",
"notableFacts": [
"Hottest planetary surface in the Solar System.",
"Rotates retrograde (east-to-west)."
]
},
{
"id": "earth",
"name": "Earth",
"symbol": "⊕",
"classification": "Terrestrial planet",
"summary": "The only known world with stable liquid water oceans and life.",
"meanDistanceFromSun": {
"kmMillions": 149.6,
"au": 1.0
},
"orbitalPeriod": {
"days": 365.256,
"years": 1.0
},
"rotationPeriodHours": 23.934,
"radiusKm": 6371,
"diameterKm": 12742,
"massKg": 5.97237e24,
"gravityMs2": 9.807,
"escapeVelocityKms": 11.186,
"axialTiltDeg": 23.44,
"averageTempC": 15,
"moons": 1,
"atmosphere": "Mostly nitrogen and oxygen.",
"notableFacts": [
"About 71% of the surface is covered by water.",
"Plate tectonics helps regulate long-term climate."
]
},
{
"id": "mars",
"name": "Mars",
"symbol": "♂︎",
"classification": "Terrestrial planet",
"summary": "A cold desert planet with the largest volcano and canyon in the Solar System.",
"meanDistanceFromSun": {
"kmMillions": 227.9,
"au": 1.524
},
"orbitalPeriod": {
"days": 686.98,
"years": 1.881
},
"rotationPeriodHours": 24.623,
"radiusKm": 3389.5,
"diameterKm": 6779,
"massKg": 6.4171e23,
"gravityMs2": 3.721,
"escapeVelocityKms": 5.03,
"axialTiltDeg": 25.19,
"averageTempC": -63,
"moons": 2,
"atmosphere": "Thin carbon dioxide atmosphere.",
"notableFacts": [
"Home to Olympus Mons and Valles Marineris.",
"Evidence suggests ancient liquid water on its surface."
]
},
{
"id": "jupiter",
"name": "Jupiter",
"symbol": "♃︎",
"classification": "Gas giant",
"summary": "The largest planet, with powerful storms and a deep atmosphere of hydrogen and helium.",
"meanDistanceFromSun": {
"kmMillions": 778.6,
"au": 5.203
},
"orbitalPeriod": {
"days": 4332.59,
"years": 11.86
},
"rotationPeriodHours": 9.925,
"radiusKm": 69911,
"diameterKm": 139822,
"massKg": 1.8982e27,
"gravityMs2": 24.79,
"escapeVelocityKms": 59.5,
"axialTiltDeg": 3.13,
"averageTempC": -110,
"moons": 95,
"atmosphere": "Mostly hydrogen and helium.",
"notableFacts": [
"The Great Red Spot is a centuries-old storm.",
"Its magnetic field is the strongest of any planet."
]
},
{
"id": "saturn",
"name": "Saturn",
"symbol": "♄︎",
"classification": "Gas giant",
"summary": "Known for its bright ring system made largely of ice particles.",
"meanDistanceFromSun": {
"kmMillions": 1433.5,
"au": 9.537
},
"orbitalPeriod": {
"days": 10759.22,
"years": 29.45
},
"rotationPeriodHours": 10.656,
"radiusKm": 58232,
"diameterKm": 116464,
"massKg": 5.6834e26,
"gravityMs2": 10.44,
"escapeVelocityKms": 35.5,
"axialTiltDeg": 26.73,
"averageTempC": -140,
"moons": 146,
"atmosphere": "Mostly hydrogen and helium.",
"notableFacts": [
"Its average density is lower than water.",
"Rings are broad but extremely thin."
]
},
{
"id": "uranus",
"name": "Uranus",
"symbol": "♅︎",
"classification": "Ice giant",
"summary": "An ice giant that rotates on its side relative to its orbital plane.",
"meanDistanceFromSun": {
"kmMillions": 2872.5,
"au": 19.191
},
"orbitalPeriod": {
"days": 30688.5,
"years": 84.02
},
"rotationPeriodHours": -17.24,
"radiusKm": 25362,
"diameterKm": 50724,
"massKg": 8.681e25,
"gravityMs2": 8.69,
"escapeVelocityKms": 21.3,
"axialTiltDeg": 97.77,
"averageTempC": -195,
"moons": 28,
"atmosphere": "Hydrogen, helium, methane.",
"notableFacts": [
"Its sideways tilt likely comes from an ancient giant impact.",
"Methane in the atmosphere gives it a blue-green color."
]
},
{
"id": "neptune",
"name": "Neptune",
"symbol": "♆︎",
"classification": "Ice giant",
"summary": "A distant, dynamic world with supersonic winds and dark storm systems.",
"meanDistanceFromSun": {
"kmMillions": 4495.1,
"au": 30.07
},
"orbitalPeriod": {
"days": 60182,
"years": 164.8
},
"rotationPeriodHours": 16.11,
"radiusKm": 24622,
"diameterKm": 49244,
"massKg": 1.02413e26,
"gravityMs2": 11.15,
"escapeVelocityKms": 23.5,
"axialTiltDeg": 28.32,
"averageTempC": -200,
"moons": 16,
"atmosphere": "Hydrogen, helium, methane.",
"notableFacts": [
"Fastest sustained winds measured on any planet.",
"Triton, its largest moon, orbits in retrograde."
]
},
{
"id": "pluto",
"name": "Pluto",
"symbol": "♇︎",
"classification": "Dwarf planet",
"summary": "A Kuiper Belt dwarf planet with nitrogen ice plains and a complex seasonal cycle.",
"meanDistanceFromSun": {
"kmMillions": 5906.4,
"au": 39.48
},
"orbitalPeriod": {
"days": 90560,
"years": 248.0
},
"rotationPeriodHours": -153.3,
"radiusKm": 1188.3,
"diameterKm": 2376.6,
"massKg": 1.303e22,
"gravityMs2": 0.62,
"escapeVelocityKms": 1.21,
"axialTiltDeg": 122.53,
"averageTempC": -225,
"moons": 5,
"atmosphere": "Thin, variable nitrogen atmosphere with methane and carbon monoxide.",
"notableFacts": [
"Charon is large enough that Pluto-Charon is often described as a binary system.",
"First close-up images were captured by New Horizons in 2015."
]
}
]
}