Medios-Macina/metadata.py

import json
import re
import subprocess
import sys
import shutil
import sqlite3
import requests
from SYS.logger import log, debug
from urllib.parse import urlsplit, urlunsplit, unquote
from collections import deque
from pathlib import Path
from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Set, Tuple
from models import PipeObject, FileRelationshipTracker, _get_file_hash
try:
    import musicbrainzngs  # type: ignore
except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
    musicbrainzngs = None

from imdbinfo.services import get_movie  # type: ignore

try:
    import yt_dlp  # type: ignore
except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
    yt_dlp = None
try:
    from config import load_config, resolve_output_dir  # type: ignore
except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
    load_config = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
    resolve_output_dir = None  # type: ignore[assignment]

try:
    from SYS.utils import sha256_file
except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
    sha256_file = None  # type: ignore[assignment]

try:  # Optional metadata helper for audio files
    import mutagen  # type: ignore
except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover - best effort
    mutagen = None  # type: ignore

from SYS.utils import sanitize_metadata_value, unique_preserve_order

try:
    from helpers.hydrus import HydrusClient, HydrusRequestError, HydrusRequestSpec  # type: ignore
except ImportError:  # pragma: no cover
    HydrusClient = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
    HydrusRequestError = RuntimeError  # type: ignore[assignment]
    HydrusRequestSpec = None  # type: ignore[assignment]
if musicbrainzngs:  # pragma: no branch
    musicbrainzngs.set_useragent("DownlowScript", "0.1", "admin@example.com")
    MusicBrainzRequestError = getattr(musicbrainzngs, "MusicBrainzRequestError", Exception)
else:  # pragma: no cover
    MusicBrainzRequestError = Exception


# Global relationship tracker for the current session
_CURRENT_RELATIONSHIP_TRACKER = FileRelationshipTracker()


def prepare_ffmpeg_metadata(payload: Optional[Dict[str, Any]]) -> Dict[str, str]:
    """Build ffmpeg/mutagen metadata map from payload."""
    if not isinstance(payload, dict):
        return {}

    metadata: Dict[str, str] = {}

    def set_field(key: str, raw: Any, limit: int = 2000) -> None:
        sanitized = sanitize_metadata_value(raw)
        if not sanitized:
            return
        if len(sanitized) > limit:
            sanitized = sanitized[:limit]
        metadata[key] = sanitized

    set_field("title", payload.get("title"))
    set_field("artist", payload.get("artist"), 512)
    set_field("album", payload.get("album"), 512)
    set_field("date", payload.get("year"), 20)

    comment = payload.get("comment")
    tags_value = payload.get("tag")

    tag_strings: List[str] = []
    artists_from_tags: List[str] = []
    albums_from_tags: List[str] = []
    genres_from_tags: List[str] = []

    if isinstance(tags_value, list):
        for raw_tag in tags_value:
            if raw_tag is None:
                continue
            if not isinstance(raw_tag, str):
                raw_tag = str(raw_tag)
            tag = raw_tag.strip()
            if not tag:
                continue

            tag_strings.append(tag)
            namespace, sep, value = tag.partition(":")
            if sep and value:
                ns = namespace.strip().lower()
                value = value.strip()
                if ns in {"artist", "creator", "author", "performer"}:
                    artists_from_tags.append(value)
                elif ns in {"album", "series", "collection", "group"}:
                    albums_from_tags.append(value)
                elif ns in {"genre", "rating"}:
                    genres_from_tags.append(value)
                elif ns in {"comment", "description"} and not comment:
                    comment = value
                elif ns in {"year", "date"} and not payload.get("year"):
                    set_field("date", value, 20)
            else:
                genres_from_tags.append(tag)

    if "artist" not in metadata and artists_from_tags:
        set_field("artist", ", ".join(unique_preserve_order(artists_from_tags)[:3]), 512)
    if "album" not in metadata and albums_from_tags:
        set_field("album", unique_preserve_order(albums_from_tags)[0], 512)
    if genres_from_tags:
        set_field("genre", ", ".join(unique_preserve_order(genres_from_tags)[:5]), 256)

    if tag_strings:
        joined_tags = ", ".join(tag_strings[:50])
        set_field("keywords", joined_tags, 2000)
        if not comment:
            comment = joined_tags

    if comment:
        set_field("comment", comment, 2000)
        set_field("description", comment, 2000)

    return metadata


def apply_mutagen_metadata(path: Path, metadata: Dict[str, str], fmt: str) -> None:
    """Best-effort metadata writing for audio containers."""
    if fmt != "audio":
        return
    if not metadata:
        return
    if mutagen is None:
        return

    try:
        audio = mutagen.File(path, easy=True)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    except Exception as exc:  # pragma: no cover - best effort only
        log(f"mutagen load failed: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
        return

    if audio is None:
        return

    field_map = {
        "title": "title",
        "artist": "artist",
        "album": "album",
        "genre": "genre",
        "comment": "comment",
        "description": "comment",
        "date": "date",
    }

    changed = False
    for source_key, target_key in field_map.items():
        value = metadata.get(source_key)
        if not value:
            continue
        try:
            audio[target_key] = [value]
            changed = True
        except Exception:  # pragma: no cover
            continue

    if not changed:
        return

    try:
        audio.save()
    except Exception as exc:  # pragma: no cover
        log(f"mutagen save failed: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)


def build_ffmpeg_command(
    ffmpeg_path: str,
    input_path: Path,
    output_path: Path,
    fmt: str,
    max_width: int,
    metadata: Optional[Dict[str, str]] = None,
) -> List[str]:
    """Build an ffmpeg command line for common export formats."""
    cmd: List[str] = [ffmpeg_path, "-y", "-i", str(input_path)]

    if fmt in {"mp4", "webm"} and max_width and max_width > 0:
        cmd.extend(["-vf", f"scale='min({max_width},iw)':-2"])

    if metadata:
        for key, value in metadata.items():
            cmd.extend(["-metadata", f"{key}={value}"])

    # Video formats
    if fmt == "mp4":
        cmd.extend(
            [
                "-c:v",
                "libx265",
                "-preset",
                "medium",
                "-crf",
                "26",
                "-tag:v",
                "hvc1",
                "-pix_fmt",
                "yuv420p",
                "-c:a",
                "aac",
                "-b:a",
                "192k",
                "-movflags",
                "+faststart",
            ]
        )
    elif fmt == "webm":
        cmd.extend(
            [
                "-c:v",
                "libvpx-vp9",
                "-b:v",
                "0",
                "-crf",
                "32",
                "-c:a",
                "libopus",
                "-b:a",
                "160k",
            ]
        )
        cmd.extend(["-f", "webm"])

    # Audio formats
    elif fmt == "mp3":
        cmd.extend(["-vn", "-c:a", "libmp3lame", "-b:a", "192k"])
        cmd.extend(["-f", "mp3"])
    elif fmt == "flac":
        cmd.extend(["-vn", "-c:a", "flac"])
        cmd.extend(["-f", "flac"])
    elif fmt == "wav":
        cmd.extend(["-vn", "-c:a", "pcm_s16le"])
        cmd.extend(["-f", "wav"])
    elif fmt == "aac":
        cmd.extend(["-vn", "-c:a", "aac", "-b:a", "192k"])
        cmd.extend(["-f", "adts"])
    elif fmt == "m4a":
        cmd.extend(["-vn", "-c:a", "aac", "-b:a", "192k"])
        cmd.extend(["-f", "ipod"])
    elif fmt == "ogg":
        cmd.extend(["-vn", "-c:a", "libvorbis", "-b:a", "192k"])
        cmd.extend(["-f", "ogg"])
    elif fmt == "opus":
        cmd.extend(["-vn", "-c:a", "libopus", "-b:a", "192k"])
        cmd.extend(["-f", "opus"])
    elif fmt == "audio":
        # Legacy format name for mp3
        cmd.extend(["-vn", "-c:a", "libmp3lame", "-b:a", "192k"])
        cmd.extend(["-f", "mp3"])
    elif fmt != "copy":
        raise ValueError(f"Unsupported format: {fmt}")

    cmd.append(str(output_path))
    return cmd


def field(obj: Any, name: str, value: Any = None) -> Any:
    """Get or set a field on dict or object."""
    if value is None:
        if isinstance(obj, dict):
            return obj.get(name)
        return getattr(obj, name, None)

    if isinstance(obj, dict):
        obj[name] = value
    else:
        setattr(obj, name, value)
    return value



def _generate_hydrus_url_variants(url: str) -> List[str]:
    seen: Set[str] = set()
    variants: List[str] = []

    def push(candidate: Optional[str]) -> None:
        if not candidate:
            return
        text = candidate.strip()
        if not text or text in seen:
            return
        seen.add(text)
        variants.append(text)

    push(url)
    try:
        parsed = urlsplit(url)
    except Exception:
        return variants

    if parsed.scheme in {"http", "https"}:
        alternate_scheme = "https" if parsed.scheme == "http" else "http"
        push(urlunsplit((alternate_scheme, parsed.netloc, parsed.path, parsed.query, parsed.fragment)))

    normalised_netloc = parsed.netloc.lower()
    if normalised_netloc and normalised_netloc != parsed.netloc:
        push(urlunsplit((parsed.scheme, normalised_netloc, parsed.path, parsed.query, parsed.fragment)))

    if parsed.path:
        trimmed_path = parsed.path.rstrip('/')
        if trimmed_path != parsed.path:
            push(urlunsplit((parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, trimmed_path, parsed.query, parsed.fragment)))
        else:
            push(urlunsplit((parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, parsed.path + '/', parsed.query, parsed.fragment)))
        unquoted_path = unquote(parsed.path)
        if unquoted_path != parsed.path:
            push(urlunsplit((parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, unquoted_path, parsed.query, parsed.fragment)))

    if parsed.query or parsed.fragment:
        push(urlunsplit((parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, parsed.path, '', '')))
        if parsed.path:
            unquoted_path = unquote(parsed.path)
            push(urlunsplit((parsed.scheme, parsed.netloc, unquoted_path, '', '')))

    return variants


def value_normalize(value: str) -> str:
    """Normalize whitespace: collapse internal spaces, strip, remove newlines."""
    value = value.replace("\n", " ").replace("\r", " ")
    value = re.sub(r"\s+", " ", value).strip()
    return value


def import_pending_sidecars(db_root: Path, db: Any) -> None:
    """Import pending sidecars (.tag/.metadata/.notes) into the database."""
    try:
        sidecar_patterns = ['**/*.tag', '**/*.metadata', '**/*.notes']

        for pattern in sidecar_patterns:
            for sidecar_path in db_root.glob(pattern):
                if '.downlow' in sidecar_path.parts:
                    continue

                try:
                    base_path = sidecar_path.with_suffix('')
                except Exception:
                    continue

                if not base_path.exists():
                    continue

                # Ensure file entry exists
                try:
                    cursor = db.connection.cursor() if db.connection else None
                    if cursor:
                        cursor.execute('SELECT id FROM files WHERE file_path = ?', (str(base_path),))
                        result = cursor.fetchone()
                        file_id = result[0] if result else None
                except Exception:
                    file_id = None

                if not file_id:
                    try:
                        cursor = db.connection.cursor() if db.connection else None
                        if cursor:
                            cursor.execute(
                                'INSERT INTO files (file_path, indexed_at, updated_at) VALUES (?, datetime("now"), datetime("now"))',
                                (str(base_path),)
                            )
                            db.connection.commit()
                            file_id = cursor.lastrowid
                    except Exception:
                        continue

                if not file_id:
                    continue

                if sidecar_path.suffix == '.tag':
                    try:
                        content = sidecar_path.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
                    except Exception:
                        continue

                    tags = [line.strip() for line in content.splitlines() if line.strip()]
                    if tags:
                        try:
                            cursor = db.connection.cursor() if db.connection else None
                            if cursor:
                                for tag in tags:
                                    cursor.execute(
                                        'INSERT OR IGNORE INTO tags (hash, tag) VALUES (?, ?)',
                                        (file_hash_value, tag) if hasattr(db, 'get_file_hash') else (None, tag)
                                    )
                                db.connection.commit()
                        except Exception:
                            pass

                elif sidecar_path.suffix == '.metadata':
                    url: List[str] = []
                    relationships: List[str] = []
                    hash_value: Optional[str] = None

                    try:
                        content = sidecar_path.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
                    except Exception:
                        content = ''

                    for raw_line in content.splitlines():
                        line = raw_line.strip()
                        if not line or line.startswith('#'):
                            continue
                        lower = line.lower()
                        if lower.startswith('hash:'):
                            hash_value = line.split(':', 1)[1].strip() or None
                        elif lower.startswith('url:') or lower.startswith('url:'):
                            url_part = line.split(':', 1)[1].strip()
                            if url_part:
                                for url_segment in url_part.replace(',', ' ').split():
                                    clean = url_segment.strip()
                                    if clean and clean not in url:
                                        url.append(clean)
                        elif lower.startswith('relationship:'):
                            rel_value = line.split(':', 1)[1].strip()
                            if rel_value:
                                relationships.append(rel_value)

                    if sha256_file and base_path.exists():
                        try:
                            hash_value = sha256_file(base_path)
                        except Exception:
                            pass

                    try:
                        cursor = db.connection.cursor() if db.connection else None
                        if cursor:
                            cursor.execute(
                                'INSERT OR REPLACE INTO metadata (file_id, hash, url, relationships, time_imported, time_modified) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, datetime("now"), datetime("now"))',
                                (
                                    file_id,
                                    hash_value,
                                    json.dumps(url),
                                    json.dumps(relationships),
                                )
                            )
                            db.connection.commit()
                    except Exception:
                        pass

                elif sidecar_path.suffix == '.notes':
                    try:
                        content = sidecar_path.read_text(encoding='utf-8').strip()
                    except Exception:
                        content = ''
                    if content:
                        try:
                            cursor = db.connection.cursor() if db.connection else None
                            if cursor:
                                cursor.execute(
                                    'INSERT INTO notes (file_id, note, created_at, updated_at) VALUES (?, ?, datetime("now"), datetime("now")) ON CONFLICT(file_id) DO UPDATE SET note = excluded.note, updated_at = datetime("now")',
                                    (file_id, content)
                                )
                                db.connection.commit()
                        except Exception:
                            pass
    except Exception:
        pass


def _extract_from_sequence(values: Sequence) -> Iterable[str]:
    """Extract string values from a sequence of mixed types (dicts, strings, etc.)."""
    seen = set()
    for item in values:
        candidate = None
        if isinstance(item, dict):
            candidate = item.get("name") or item.get("title") or item.get("value") or item.get("text") or item.get("id") or item.get("imdb_id")
        else:
            candidate = str(item)
        if candidate:
            normalized = value_normalize(str(candidate))
            if normalized and normalized not in seen:
                seen.add(normalized)
                yield normalized


def _add_tag(tags: List[str], namespace: str, value: Optional[str]) -> None:
    """Add a single namespaced tag (e.g., 'artist:Beatles')."""
    if not value:
        return
    value = value_normalize(str(value))
    if not value:
        return
    tags.append(f"{namespace}:{value}")


def _extend_tags(tags: List[str], namespace: str, values) -> None:
    """Extend tags from a single value or sequence, with optional namespace."""
    if not values:
        return
    if isinstance(values, set):
        values = list(values)
    if isinstance(values, (list, tuple)):
        for candidate in _extract_from_sequence(values):
            _add_tag(tags, namespace, candidate)
    else:
        _add_tag(tags, namespace, values)

def imdb_tag(imdb_id: str) -> Dict[str, object]:
    movie = get_movie(imdb_id)
    if movie is None:
        raise ValueError(f"IMDb title not found: {imdb_id}")
    if hasattr(movie, "model_dump"):
        info = movie.model_dump()
    elif hasattr(movie, "dict"):
        info = movie.dict()
    else:
        info = {}
    tags: List[str] = []
    canonical_id = getattr(movie, "imdb_id", None) or info.get("imdb_id") or imdb_id
    if canonical_id:
        canonical_id = str(canonical_id).strip().lower()
        if not canonical_id.startswith("tt"):
            canonical_id = f"tt{canonical_id}"
    else:
        canonical_id = imdb_id.lower()
        if not canonical_id.startswith("tt"):
            canonical_id = f"tt{canonical_id}"
    _add_tag(tags, "imdb", canonical_id)
    _add_tag(tags, "title", info.get("title") or getattr(movie, "title", None))
    _add_tag(tags, "year", info.get("year") or info.get("start_year") or getattr(movie, "year", None))
    _add_tag(tags, "rating", info.get("rating"))
    runtime_value = None
    if isinstance(info.get("runtime"), (str, int)):
        runtime_value = info["runtime"]
    elif isinstance(info.get("runtimes"), (list, tuple)) and info["runtimes"]:
        runtime_value = info["runtimes"][0]
    elif info.get("duration"):
        runtime_value = info["duration"]
    _add_tag(tags, "runtime", runtime_value)
    kind = None
    if hasattr(movie, "is_series") and movie.is_series():
        kind = "series"
    elif hasattr(movie, "is_episode") and movie.is_episode():
        kind = "episode"
    else:
        kind = info.get("kind") or "movie"
    _add_tag(tags, "kind", kind)
    _extend_tags(tags, "genre", info.get("genres") or info.get("genre"))
    _extend_tags(tags, "language", info.get("languages"))
    _extend_tags(tags, "country", info.get("countries"))
    creators = info.get("directors") or info.get("director") or info.get("producers") or info.get("writers")
    if creators:
        _extend_tags(tags, "creator", creators)
    info_episode = getattr(movie, "info_episode", None)
    series_title = None
    season = info.get("season") or info.get("series_season")
    episode = info.get("episode") or info.get("series_episode")
    if info_episode:
        if hasattr(info_episode, "model_dump"):
            episode_meta = info_episode.model_dump()
        elif hasattr(info_episode, "dict"):
            episode_meta = info_episode.dict()
        else:
            episode_meta = getattr(info_episode, "__dict__", {}) or {}
        season = season or episode_meta.get("season") or episode_meta.get("season_n")
        episode = episode or episode_meta.get("episode") or episode_meta.get("episode_n")
        series_title = episode_meta.get("series_title")
        if not series_title:
            series_title = getattr(getattr(movie, "series_info", None), "title", None)
    if kind == "episode" and not season:
        season = getattr(getattr(movie, "series_info", None), "season", None)
    if season:
        _add_tag(tags, "season", season)
    if episode:
        _add_tag(tags, "episode", episode)
    series_title = series_title or info.get("series_title") or info.get("series") or getattr(getattr(movie, "series_info", None), "title", None)
    if series_title:
        _add_tag(tags, "series", series_title)
    summary = info.get("plot outline") or info.get("plot_outline") or info.get("plot")
    if isinstance(summary, (list, tuple)):
        summary = summary[0] if summary else None
    if not summary and hasattr(movie, "plot_outline"):
        summary = getattr(movie, "plot_outline")
    if not summary:
        summaries = info.get("summaries")
        if isinstance(summaries, (list, tuple)) and summaries:
            summary = summaries[0]
    if summary:
        _add_tag(tags, "summary", summary)
    cast_sources = info.get("cast") or info.get("actors") or info.get("cast_members") or info.get("stars")
    cast_names: List[str] = []
    if cast_sources:
        for name in _extract_from_sequence(cast_sources):
            if name:
                cast_names.append(name)
            if len(cast_names) >= 10:
                break
    if cast_names:
        _extend_tags(tags, "cast", cast_names)
    return {"source": "imdb", "id": canonical_id, "tag": tags}
def fetch_musicbrainz_tags(mbid: str, entity: str) -> Dict[str, object]:
    if not musicbrainzngs:
        raise RuntimeError("musicbrainzngs package is not available")
    entity = entity.lower()
    if entity not in {"release", "recording", "artist"}:
        raise ValueError("Unsupported MusicBrainz entity: %s" % entity)
    def _fetch_with_fallback(getter, key: str, includes: List[str]):
        try:
            return getter(mbid, includes=includes)[key]
        except MusicBrainzRequestError as exc:
            if "Bad includes" in str(exc) and "genres" in includes:
                fallback = [inc for inc in includes if inc != "genres"]
                return getter(mbid, includes=fallback)[key]
            raise
    include = ["tags", "genres"]
    match entity:
        case "release":
            include.extend(["artist-credits", "release-groups"])
            data = _fetch_with_fallback(musicbrainzngs.get_release_by_id, "release", include)
        case "recording":
            include.extend(["artists", "releases"])
            data = _fetch_with_fallback(musicbrainzngs.get_recording_by_id, "recording", include)
        case _:
            include.extend(["release-groups", "aliases"])
            data = _fetch_with_fallback(musicbrainzngs.get_artist_by_id, "artist", include)
    tags: List[str] = []
    _add_tag(tags, "musicbrainz", mbid)
    _add_tag(tags, "entity", entity)
    _add_tag(tags, "title", data.get("title"))
    if entity != "artist":
        date = data.get("date") or data.get("first-release-date")
        if date:
            _add_tag(tags, "date", date)
            _add_tag(tags, "year", date[:4])
    if data.get("country"):
        _add_tag(tags, "country", data["country"])
    if data.get("status"):
        _add_tag(tags, "status", data["status"])
    artist_credit = data.get("artist-credit") or data.get("artists")
    if artist_credit:
        names = []
        for item in artist_credit:
            if isinstance(item, dict):
                name = item.get("name") or item.get("artist", {}).get("name")
                if name:
                    names.append(name)
        _extend_tags(tags, "artist", names)
    tag_list = data.get("tag-list") or data.get("tags") or []
    for tag in tag_list:
        if isinstance(tag, dict) and tag.get("name"):
            _add_tag(tags, "tag", tag["name"])
    genre_list = data.get("genre-list") or data.get("genres") or []
    for genre in genre_list:
        if isinstance(genre, dict) and genre.get("name"):
            _add_tag(tags, "genre", genre["name"])
    return {"source": "musicbrainz", "id": mbid, "tag": tags, "entity": entity}


def fetch_openlibrary_tags(ol_id: str) -> Dict[str, object]:
    """Fetch metadata tags from OpenLibrary.
    
    Args:
        ol_id: OpenLibrary ID (e.g., 'OL123456M' for a book)
    
    Returns:
        Dictionary with 'tag' key containing list of extracted tags
    """
    import urllib.request
    
    # Normalize OL ID
    ol_id = ol_id.strip().upper()
    if not ol_id.startswith('OL'):
        ol_id = f'OL{ol_id}'
    
    # Fetch from OpenLibrary API
    url = f"https://openlibrary.org/books/{ol_id}.json"
    tags: List[str] = []
    
    try:
        with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=10) as response:
            data = json.loads(response.read().decode('utf-8'))
    except Exception as e:
        raise ValueError(f"Failed to fetch OpenLibrary data for {ol_id}: {e}")
    
    # Add OpenLibrary ID tag
    _add_tag(tags, "openlibrary", ol_id)
    
    # Extract title
    _add_tag(tags, "title", data.get("title"))
    
    # Extract subtitle if present
    if data.get("subtitle"):
        _add_tag(tags, "subtitle", data["subtitle"])
    
    # Extract authors
    authors = data.get("authors", [])
    author_names: List[str] = []
    for author in authors:
        if isinstance(author, dict):
            name = author.get("name")
        else:
            name = str(author)
        if name:
            author_names.append(name)
    if author_names:
        _extend_tags(tags, "author", author_names)
    
    # Extract publication details
    if data.get("publish_date"):
        _add_tag(tags, "publish_date", data["publish_date"])
        # Extract year if present
        year_match = re.search(r'\b(\d{4})\b', str(data.get("publish_date", "")))
        if year_match:
            _add_tag(tags, "year", year_match.group(1))
    
    # Extract publishers
    publishers = data.get("publishers", [])
    if publishers:
        publisher_names = []
        for pub in publishers:
            if isinstance(pub, dict):
                name = pub.get("name")
            else:
                name = str(pub)
            if name:
                publisher_names.append(name)
        if publisher_names:
            _extend_tags(tags, "publisher", publisher_names)
    
    # Extract languages
    languages = data.get("languages", [])
    if languages:
        lang_codes = []
        for lang in languages:
            if isinstance(lang, dict):
                code = lang.get("key", "").split("/")[-1]
            else:
                code = str(lang).split("/")[-1]
            if code and code != "":
                lang_codes.append(code)
        if lang_codes:
            _extend_tags(tags, "language", lang_codes)
    
    # Extract ISBN
    isbns = data.get("isbn_10", []) + data.get("isbn_13", [])
    if isbns:
        for isbn in isbns[:1]:  # Just take first one
            if len(str(isbn)) == 10:
                _add_tag(tags, "isbn_10", isbn)
            elif len(str(isbn)) == 13:
                _add_tag(tags, "isbn_13", isbn)
    
    # Extract page count
    _add_tag(tags, "pages", data.get("number_of_pages"))
    
    # Extract genres/subjects (OpenLibrary calls them subjects)
    # Subjects are added as plain freeform tags (no namespace prefix)
    subjects = data.get("subjects", [])
    if subjects:
        for subject in subjects[:10]:  # Limit to 10 subjects
            if isinstance(subject, dict):
                name = subject.get("name")
            else:
                name = str(subject)
            if name:
                # Add subject as plain tag without "subject:" prefix
                normalized = value_normalize(str(name))
                if normalized:
                    tags.append(normalized)
    
    # Extract OpenLibrary description
    description = data.get("description")
    if description:
        if isinstance(description, dict):
            description = description.get("value")
        _add_tag(tags, "summary", description)
    
    return {"source": "openlibrary", "id": ol_id, "tag": tags}


def _append_unique(target: List[str], seen: Set[str], value: Optional[str]) -> None:
    """Append a single value if not already in seen set (deduplication)."""
    if value is None:
        return
    normalized = value_normalize(str(value))
    if not normalized or normalized in seen:
        return
    seen.add(normalized)
    target.append(normalized)


def _extend_namespaced(target: List[str], seen: Set[str], namespace: str, values: Iterable[Optional[str]]) -> None:
    """Append namespaced values if not already in seen set."""
    for val in values:
        if val:
            _append_unique(target, seen, f"{namespace}:{val}")


def _coerce_duration(metadata: Dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[float]:
    for key in ("duration", "duration_seconds", "length", "duration_sec"):
        value = metadata.get(key)
        if value is None:
            continue
        if isinstance(value, (int, float)):
            if value > 0:
                return float(value)
        elif isinstance(value, str):
            try:
                candidate = float(value.strip())
            except ValueError:
                continue
            if candidate > 0:
                return candidate
    return None
def _sanitize_url(value: Optional[str]) -> Optional[str]:
    """Sanitize URL: normalize and remove ytdl:// prefix."""
    if value is None:
        return None
    cleaned = value_normalize(str(value))
    if not cleaned:
        return None
    if cleaned.lower().startswith("ytdl://"):
        cleaned = cleaned[7:]
    return cleaned


def _clean_existing_tags(existing: Any) -> List[str]:
    tags: List[str] = []
    seen: Set[str] = set()
    if isinstance(existing, (list, tuple, set)):
        iterable = existing
    elif existing is None:
        iterable = []
    else:
        iterable = [existing]
    for tag in iterable:
        _append_unique(tags, seen, tag)
    return tags
def _should_fetch_url(url: Optional[str]) -> bool:
    if not url or not isinstance(url, str):
        return False
    return url.lower().startswith(('http://', 'https://'))
def fetch_remote_metadata(url: str, options: Dict[str, Any]) -> Tuple[Optional[Dict[str, Any]], List[str]]:
    warnings: List[str] = []
    info: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
    if yt_dlp is not None:
        try:  # pragma: no cover - depends on runtime availability
            ydl_opts = {
                'quiet': True,
                'no_warnings': True,
                'skip_download': True,
                'noplaylist': True,
            }
            with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
                info_dict = ydl.extract_info(url, download=False)
                if info_dict is not None:
                    info = dict(info_dict)
        except Exception as exc:  # pragma: no cover - best effort
            warnings.append(f"yt_dlp extract failed: {exc}")
    if info is None:
        executable = str(options.get('ytdlp_path') or 'yt-dlp')
        extra_args = options.get('ytdlp_args') or []
        if isinstance(extra_args, (str, bytes)):
            extra_args = [extra_args]
        cmd = [executable, '--dump-single-json', '--no-playlist', '--skip-download', '--no-warnings']
        cmd.extend(str(arg) for arg in extra_args)
        cmd.append(url)
        timeout = float(options.get('timeout') or 45.0)
        try:
            completed = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, check=False, timeout=timeout)
        except Exception as exc:  # pragma: no cover - subprocess failure
            warnings.append(f"yt-dlp invocation failed: {exc}")
            return None, warnings
        if completed.returncode != 0:
            message = completed.stderr.strip() or completed.stdout.strip() or f"status {completed.returncode}"
            warnings.append(message)
            return None, warnings
        try:
            info = json.loads(completed.stdout)
        except json.JSONDecodeError as exc:  # pragma: no cover - parse failure
            warnings.append(f"invalid JSON from yt-dlp: {exc}")
            return None, warnings
    if isinstance(info, dict) and 'entries' in info:
        entries = info.get('entries')
        if isinstance(entries, list) and entries:
            info = entries[0]
    if isinstance(info, dict):
        info.setdefault('source_url', url)
    return info if isinstance(info, dict) else None, warnings
def resolve_remote_metadata(payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    options_raw = payload.get('options')
    options: Dict[str, Any] = options_raw if isinstance(options_raw, dict) else {}
    source_url = payload.get('source_url')
    sanitized = _sanitize_url(source_url) or source_url
    existing_tags = _clean_existing_tags(payload.get('existing_tags'))
    metadata_sources: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
    for key in ('metadata', 'mpv_metadata', 'remote_metadata', 'info'):
        candidate = payload.get(key)
        if isinstance(candidate, dict):
            metadata_sources.append(candidate)
    remote_info: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None
    warnings: List[str] = []
    if not options.get('no_fetch'):
        fetch_url = sanitized
        if _should_fetch_url(fetch_url):
            remote_info, fetch_warnings = fetch_remote_metadata(fetch_url or '', options)
            warnings.extend(fetch_warnings)
            if remote_info:
                metadata_sources.append(remote_info)
    combined_metadata = {}
    for source in metadata_sources:
        if isinstance(source, dict):
            combined_metadata.update(source)
    context = {'source_url': sanitized}
    bundle = build_remote_bundle(combined_metadata, existing_tags, context)
    merged_metadata = {**combined_metadata, **(bundle.get('metadata') or {})}
    bundle['metadata'] = merged_metadata
    if not bundle.get('source_url'):
        bundle['source_url'] = sanitized
    mpv_meta_candidate = payload.get('mpv_metadata')
    mpv_metadata = mpv_meta_candidate if isinstance(mpv_meta_candidate, dict) else None
    result_tags = bundle.get('tags') or existing_tags
    result = {
        'source': 'remote-metadata',
        'id': sanitized or 'unknown',
        'tags': result_tags,
        'title': bundle.get('title'),
        'source_url': bundle.get('source_url') or sanitized,
        'duration': bundle.get('duration'),
        'metadata': merged_metadata,
        'remote_metadata': remote_info,
        'warnings': warnings,
        'mpv_metadata': mpv_metadata,
    }
    return result


def _ensure_hydrus_client() -> None:
    if HydrusClient is None or HydrusRequestSpec is None:  # pragma: no cover - depends on optional module
        raise RuntimeError("Hydrus helpers are unavailable")


def _normalize_hash(value: Any) -> str:
    candidate = str(value or '').strip().lower()
    if not candidate:
        raise ValueError("Hydrus hash is required")
    if len(candidate) != 64 or any(ch not in '0123456789abcdef' for ch in candidate):
        raise ValueError("Hydrus hash must be a 64-character hex string")
    return candidate


def _normalize_tag(tag: Any) -> Optional[str]:
    if tag is None:
        return None
    if isinstance(tag, str):
        candidate = tag.strip()
    else:
        candidate = str(tag).strip()
    return candidate or None


def _extract_tag_services(entry: Dict[str, Any]) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
    tags_section = entry.get('tags')
    services: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
    if not isinstance(tags_section, dict):
        return services
    names_map = tags_section.get('service_keys_to_names')
    if not isinstance(names_map, dict):
        names_map = {}

    def get_record(service_key: Optional[str], service_name: Optional[str]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
        key_lower = service_key.lower() if isinstance(service_key, str) else None
        name_lower = service_name.lower() if isinstance(service_name, str) else None
        for record in services:
            existing_key = record.get('service_key')
            if key_lower and isinstance(existing_key, str) and existing_key.lower() == key_lower:
                if service_name and not record.get('service_name'):
                    record['service_name'] = service_name
                return record
            existing_name = record.get('service_name')
            if name_lower and isinstance(existing_name, str) and existing_name.lower() == name_lower:
                if service_key and not record.get('service_key'):
                    record['service_key'] = service_key
                return record
        record = {
            'service_key': service_key,
            'service_name': service_name,
            'tags': [],
        }
        services.append(record)
        return record

    def _iter_current_status_lists(container: Any) -> Iterable[List[Any]]:
        if isinstance(container, dict):
            for status_key, tags_list in container.items():
                if str(status_key) != '0':
                    continue
                if isinstance(tags_list, list):
                    yield tags_list
        elif isinstance(container, list):
            yield container

    statuses_map = tags_section.get('service_keys_to_statuses_to_tags')
    if isinstance(statuses_map, dict):
        for service_key, status_map in statuses_map.items():
            record = get_record(service_key if isinstance(service_key, str) else None, names_map.get(service_key))
            for tags_list in _iter_current_status_lists(status_map):
                for tag in tags_list:
                    normalized = _normalize_tag(tag)
                    if normalized:
                        record['tags'].append(normalized)

    ignored_keys = {
        'service_keys_to_statuses_to_tags',
        'service_keys_to_statuses_to_display_tags',
        'service_keys_to_display_friendly_tags',
        'service_keys_to_names',
        'tag_display_types_to_namespaces',
        'namespace_display_string_lookup',
        'tag_display_decoration_colour_lookup',
    }

    for key, service in tags_section.items():
        if key in ignored_keys:
            continue
        if isinstance(service, dict):
            service_key = service.get('service_key') or (key if isinstance(key, str) else None)
            service_name = service.get('service_name') or service.get('name') or names_map.get(service_key)
            record = get_record(service_key if isinstance(service_key, str) else None, service_name)
            storage = service.get('storage_tags') or service.get('statuses_to_tags') or service.get('tags')
            if isinstance(storage, dict):
                for tags_list in _iter_current_status_lists(storage):
                    for tag in tags_list:
                        normalized = _normalize_tag(tag)
                        if normalized:
                            record['tags'].append(normalized)
            elif isinstance(storage, list):
                for tag in storage:
                    normalized = _normalize_tag(tag)
                    if normalized:
                        record['tags'].append(normalized)

    # Use canonical dedup function
    for record in services:
        record['tags'] = dedup_tags_by_namespace(record['tags'], keep_first=True)
    return services


def _select_primary_tags(services: List[Dict[str, Any]], aggregated: List[str], prefer_service: Optional[str]) -> Tuple[Optional[str], List[str]]:
    prefer_lower = prefer_service.lower() if isinstance(prefer_service, str) else None
    if prefer_lower:
        for record in services:
            name = record.get('service_name')
            if isinstance(name, str) and name.lower() == prefer_lower and record['tags']:
                return record.get('service_key'), record['tags']
    for record in services:
        if record['tags']:
            return record.get('service_key'), record['tags']
    return None, aggregated


def _derive_title(tags_primary: List[str], tags_aggregated: List[str], entry: Dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[str]:
    for source in (tags_primary, tags_aggregated):
        for tag in source:
            namespace, sep, value = tag.partition(':')
            if sep and namespace and namespace.lower() == 'title':
                cleaned = value.strip()
                if cleaned:
                    return cleaned
    for key in ('title', 'display_name', 'pretty_name', 'original_display_filename', 'original_filename'):
        value = entry.get(key)
        if isinstance(value, str):
            cleaned = value.strip()
            if cleaned:
                return cleaned
    return None


def _derive_clip_time(tags_primary: List[str], tags_aggregated: List[str], entry: Dict[str, Any]) -> Optional[str]:
    namespaces = {'clip', 'clip_time', 'cliptime'}
    for source in (tags_primary, tags_aggregated):
        for tag in source:
            namespace, sep, value = tag.partition(':')
            if sep and namespace and namespace.lower() in namespaces:
                cleaned = value.strip()
                if cleaned:
                    return cleaned
    clip_value = entry.get('clip_time')
    if isinstance(clip_value, str):
        cleaned_clip = clip_value.strip()
        if cleaned_clip:
            return cleaned_clip
    return None


def _summarize_hydrus_entry(entry: Dict[str, Any], prefer_service: Optional[str]) -> Tuple[Dict[str, Any], List[str], Optional[str], Optional[str], Optional[str]]:
    services = _extract_tag_services(entry)
    aggregated: List[str] = []
    seen: Set[str] = set()
    for record in services:
        for tag in record['tags']:
            if tag not in seen:
                seen.add(tag)
                aggregated.append(tag)
    service_key, primary_tags = _select_primary_tags(services, aggregated, prefer_service)
    title = _derive_title(primary_tags, aggregated, entry)
    clip_time = _derive_clip_time(primary_tags, aggregated, entry)
    summary = dict(entry)
    if title and not summary.get('title'):
        summary['title'] = title
    if clip_time and not summary.get('clip_time'):
        summary['clip_time'] = clip_time
    summary['tag_service_key'] = service_key
    summary['has_current_file_service'] = _has_current_file_service(entry)
    if 'is_local' not in summary:
        summary['is_local'] = bool(entry.get('is_local'))
    return summary, primary_tags, service_key, title, clip_time


def _looks_like_hash(value: Any) -> bool:
    if not isinstance(value, str):
        return False
    candidate = value.strip().lower()
    return len(candidate) == 64 and all(ch in '0123456789abcdef' for ch in candidate)


def _collect_relationship_hashes(payload: Any, accumulator: Set[str]) -> None:
    if isinstance(payload, dict):
        for value in payload.values():
            _collect_relationship_hashes(value, accumulator)
    elif isinstance(payload, (list, tuple, set)):
        for value in payload:
            _collect_relationship_hashes(value, accumulator)
    elif isinstance(payload, str) and _looks_like_hash(payload):
        accumulator.add(payload)


def _build_hydrus_query(
    hashes: Optional[Sequence[str]],
    file_ids: Optional[Sequence[int]],
    include_relationships: bool,
    minimal: bool,
) -> Dict[str, str]:
    query: Dict[str, str] = {}
    if hashes:
        query['hashes'] = json.dumps(list(hashes))
    if file_ids:
        query['file_ids'] = json.dumps([int(value) for value in file_ids])
    if not query:
        raise ValueError('hashes or file_ids must be provided')
    query['include_service_keys_to_tags'] = json.dumps(True)
    query['include_tag_services'] = json.dumps(True)
    query['include_file_services'] = json.dumps(True)
    if include_relationships:
        query['include_file_relationships'] = json.dumps(True)
    if not minimal:
        extras = (
            'include_url',
            'include_size',
            'include_width',
            'include_height',
            'include_duration',
            'include_mime',
            'include_has_audio',
            'include_is_trashed',
        )
        for key in extras:
            query[key] = json.dumps(True)
    return query


def _fetch_hydrus_entries(
    client: Any,
    hashes: Optional[Sequence[str]],
    file_ids: Optional[Sequence[int]],
    include_relationships: bool,
    minimal: bool,
) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
    if not hashes and not file_ids:
        return []
    assert HydrusRequestSpec is not None
    spec = HydrusRequestSpec(
        method='GET',
        endpoint='/get_files/file_metadata',
        query=_build_hydrus_query(hashes, file_ids, include_relationships, minimal),
    )
    response = client._perform_request(spec)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
    metadata = response.get('metadata') if isinstance(response, dict) else None
    if isinstance(metadata, list):
        return [entry for entry in metadata if isinstance(entry, dict)]
    return []


def _has_current_file_service(entry: Dict[str, Any]) -> bool:
    services = entry.get('file_services')
    if not isinstance(services, dict):
        return False
    current = services.get('current')
    if isinstance(current, dict):
        for value in current.values():
            if value:
                return True
        return False
    if isinstance(current, list):
        return len(current) > 0
    return False


def _compute_file_flags(entry: Dict[str, Any]) -> Tuple[bool, bool, bool]:
    mime = entry.get('mime')
    mime_lower = mime.lower() if isinstance(mime, str) else ''
    is_video = mime_lower.startswith('video/')
    is_audio = mime_lower.startswith('audio/')
    is_deleted = False
    if entry.get('is_trashed'):
        is_deleted = True
    file_services = entry.get('file_services')
    if not is_deleted and isinstance(file_services, dict):
        deleted = file_services.get('deleted')
        if isinstance(deleted, dict) and deleted:
            is_deleted = True
    return is_video, is_audio, is_deleted


def fetch_hydrus_metadata(payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    _ensure_hydrus_client()
    assert HydrusClient is not None
    hash_hex = None
    raw_hash_value = payload.get('hash')
    if raw_hash_value is not None:
        hash_hex = _normalize_hash(raw_hash_value)
    file_ids: List[int] = []
    raw_file_ids = payload.get('file_ids')
    if isinstance(raw_file_ids, (list, tuple, set)):
        for value in raw_file_ids:
            try:
                file_ids.append(int(value))
            except (TypeError, ValueError):
                continue
    elif raw_file_ids is not None:
        try:
            file_ids.append(int(raw_file_ids))
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            file_ids = []
    raw_file_id = payload.get('file_id')
    if raw_file_id is not None:
        try:
            coerced = int(raw_file_id)
        except (TypeError, ValueError):
            coerced = None
        if coerced is not None and coerced not in file_ids:
            file_ids.append(coerced)
    base_url = str(payload.get('api_url') or '').strip()
    if not base_url:
        raise ValueError('Hydrus api_url is required')
    access_key = str(payload.get('access_key') or '').strip()
    options_raw = payload.get('options')
    options = options_raw if isinstance(options_raw, dict) else {}
    prefer_service = options.get('prefer_service_name')
    if isinstance(prefer_service, str):
        prefer_service = prefer_service.strip()
    else:
        prefer_service = None
    include_relationships = bool(options.get('include_relationships'))
    minimal = bool(options.get('minimal'))
    timeout = float(options.get('timeout') or 60.0)
    client = HydrusClient(base_url, access_key, timeout)
    hashes: Optional[List[str]] = None
    if hash_hex:
        hashes = [hash_hex]
    if not hashes and not file_ids:
        raise ValueError('Hydrus hash or file id is required')
    try:
        entries = _fetch_hydrus_entries(client, hashes, file_ids or None, include_relationships, minimal)
    except HydrusRequestError as exc:  # type: ignore[misc]
        raise RuntimeError(str(exc))
    if not entries:
        response: Dict[str, Any] = {
            'hash': hash_hex,
            'metadata': {},
            'tags': [],
            'warnings': [f'No Hydrus metadata for {hash_hex or file_ids}'],
            'error': 'not_found',
        }
        if file_ids:
            response['file_id'] = file_ids[0]
        return response
    entry = entries[0]
    if not hash_hex:
        entry_hash = entry.get('hash')
        if isinstance(entry_hash, str) and entry_hash:
            hash_hex = entry_hash
            hashes = [hash_hex]
    summary, primary_tags, service_key, title, clip_time = _summarize_hydrus_entry(entry, prefer_service)
    is_video, is_audio, is_deleted = _compute_file_flags(entry)
    has_current_file_service = _has_current_file_service(entry)
    is_local = bool(entry.get('is_local'))
    size_bytes = entry.get('size') or entry.get('file_size')
    filesize_mb = None
    if isinstance(size_bytes, (int, float)) and size_bytes > 0:
        filesize_mb = float(size_bytes) / (1024.0 * 1024.0)
    duration = entry.get('duration')
    if duration is None and isinstance(entry.get('duration_ms'), (int, float)):
        duration = float(entry['duration_ms']) / 1000.0
    warnings: List[str] = []
    if not primary_tags:
        warnings.append('No tags returned for preferred service')
    relationships = None
    relationship_metadata: Dict[str, Dict[str, Any]] = {}
    if include_relationships and hash_hex:
        try:
            assert HydrusRequestSpec is not None
            rel_spec = HydrusRequestSpec(
                method='GET',
                endpoint='/manage_file_relationships/get_file_relationships',
                query={'hash': hash_hex},
            )
            relationships = client._perform_request(rel_spec)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
        except HydrusRequestError as exc:  # type: ignore[misc]
            warnings.append(f'Relationship lookup failed: {exc}')
            relationships = None
        if isinstance(relationships, dict):
            related_hashes: Set[str] = set()
            _collect_relationship_hashes(relationships, related_hashes)
            related_hashes.discard(hash_hex)
            if related_hashes:
                try:
                    related_entries = _fetch_hydrus_entries(client, sorted(related_hashes), None, False, True)
                except HydrusRequestError as exc:  # type: ignore[misc]
                    warnings.append(f'Relationship metadata fetch failed: {exc}')
                else:
                    for rel_entry in related_entries:
                        rel_hash = rel_entry.get('hash')
                        if not isinstance(rel_hash, str):
                            continue
                        rel_summary, rel_tags, _, rel_title, rel_clip = _summarize_hydrus_entry(rel_entry, prefer_service)
                        rel_summary['tags'] = rel_tags
                        if rel_title:
                            rel_summary['title'] = rel_title
                        if rel_clip:
                            rel_summary['clip_time'] = rel_clip
                        relationship_metadata[rel_hash] = rel_summary
    result: Dict[str, Any] = {
        'hash': entry.get('hash') or hash_hex,
        'metadata': summary,
        'tags': primary_tags,
        'tag_service_key': service_key,
        'title': title,
        'clip_time': clip_time,
        'duration': duration,
        'filesize_mb': filesize_mb,
        'is_video': is_video,
        'is_audio': is_audio,
        'is_deleted': is_deleted,
        'is_local': is_local,
        'has_current_file_service': has_current_file_service,
        'matched_hash': entry.get('hash') or hash_hex,
        'swap_recommended': False,
    }
    file_id_value = entry.get('file_id')
    if isinstance(file_id_value, (int, float)):
        result['file_id'] = int(file_id_value)
    if relationships is not None:
        result['relationships'] = relationships
    if relationship_metadata:
        result['relationship_metadata'] = relationship_metadata
    if warnings:
        result['warnings'] = warnings
    return result


def fetch_hydrus_metadata_by_url(payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    _ensure_hydrus_client()
    assert HydrusClient is not None
    raw_url = payload.get('url') or payload.get('source_url')
    url = str(raw_url or '').strip()
    if not url:
        raise ValueError('URL is required to fetch Hydrus metadata by URL')
    base_url = str(payload.get('api_url') or '').strip()
    if not base_url:
        raise ValueError('Hydrus api_url is required')
    access_key = str(payload.get('access_key') or '').strip()
    options_raw = payload.get('options')
    options = options_raw if isinstance(options_raw, dict) else {}
    timeout = float(options.get('timeout') or 60.0)
    client = HydrusClient(base_url, access_key, timeout)
    hashes: Optional[List[str]] = None
    file_ids: Optional[List[int]] = None
    matched_url = None
    normalised_reported = None
    seen: Set[str] = set()
    queue = deque()
    for variant in _generate_hydrus_url_variants(url):
        queue.append(variant)
    if not queue:
        queue.append(url)
    tried_variants: List[str] = []
    while queue:
        candidate = queue.popleft()
        candidate = str(candidate or '').strip()
        if not candidate or candidate in seen:
            continue
        seen.add(candidate)
        tried_variants.append(candidate)
        assert HydrusRequestSpec is not None
        spec = HydrusRequestSpec(
            method='GET',
            endpoint='/add_url/get_url_files',
            query={'url': candidate},
        )
        try:
            response = client._perform_request(spec)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
        except HydrusRequestError as exc:  # type: ignore[misc]
            raise RuntimeError(str(exc))
        response_hashes_list: List[str] = []
        response_file_ids_list: List[int] = []
        if isinstance(response, dict):
            normalised_value = response.get('normalised_url')
            if isinstance(normalised_value, str):
                trimmed = normalised_value.strip()
                if trimmed:
                    normalised_reported = normalised_reported or trimmed
                    if trimmed not in seen:
                        queue.append(trimmed)
            for redirect_key in ('redirect_url', 'url'):
                redirect_value = response.get(redirect_key)
                if isinstance(redirect_value, str):
                    redirect_trimmed = redirect_value.strip()
                    if redirect_trimmed and redirect_trimmed not in seen:
                        queue.append(redirect_trimmed)
            raw_hashes = response.get('hashes') or response.get('file_hashes')
            if isinstance(raw_hashes, list):
                for item in raw_hashes:
                    try:
                        normalized = _normalize_hash(item)
                    except ValueError:
                        continue
                    if normalized:
                        response_hashes_list.append(normalized)
            raw_ids = response.get('file_ids') or response.get('file_id')
            if isinstance(raw_ids, list):
                for item in raw_ids:
                    try:
                        response_file_ids_list.append(int(item))
                    except (TypeError, ValueError):
                        continue
            elif raw_ids is not None:
                try:
                    response_file_ids_list.append(int(raw_ids))
                except (TypeError, ValueError):
                    pass
            statuses = response.get('url_file_statuses')
            if isinstance(statuses, list):
                for entry in statuses:
                    if not isinstance(entry, dict):
                        continue
                    status_hash = entry.get('hash') or entry.get('file_hash')
                    if status_hash:
                        try:
                            normalized = _normalize_hash(status_hash)
                        except ValueError:
                            normalized = None
                        if normalized:
                            response_hashes_list.append(normalized)
                    status_id = entry.get('file_id') or entry.get('fileid')
                    if status_id is not None:
                        try:
                            response_file_ids_list.append(int(status_id))
                        except (TypeError, ValueError):
                            continue
        if response_hashes_list:
            hashes = response_hashes_list
        if response_file_ids_list:
            file_ids = response_file_ids_list
        if hashes or file_ids:
            matched_url = candidate
            break
    if not hashes and not file_ids:
        result = {
            'found': False,
            'url': url,
            'variants': tried_variants,
            'metadata': {},
            'tags': [],
            'warnings': [f'No Hydrus file found for {url}'],
            'error': 'not_found',
        }
        if normalised_reported:
            result['normalised_url'] = normalised_reported
        return result
    hash_value = str(hashes[0]) if hashes else None
    followup_payload: Dict[str, Any] = {
        'api_url': base_url,
        'access_key': access_key,
        'options': options,
    }
    if hash_value:
        followup_payload['hash'] = hash_value
    if file_ids:
        followup_payload['file_id'] = file_ids[0]
    result = fetch_hydrus_metadata(followup_payload)
    result['found'] = True
    result['url'] = url
    if matched_url and matched_url != url:
        result['matched_url'] = matched_url
    if file_ids:
        result['file_id'] = file_ids[0]
    if normalised_reported:
        result['normalised_url'] = normalised_reported
    result['variants'] = tried_variants
    return result


def _normalise_string_list(values: Optional[Iterable[Any]]) -> List[str]:
    if not values:
        return []
    seen: Set[str] = set()
    items: List[str] = []
    for value in values:
        if value is None:
            continue
        text = str(value).strip()
        if not text:
            continue
        if text in seen:
            continue
        seen.add(text)
        items.append(text)
    return items


def _derive_sidecar_path(media_path: Path) -> Path:
    """Return sidecar path (.tag)."""
    try:
        preferred = media_path.parent / (media_path.name + '.tag')
    except ValueError:
        preferred = media_path.with_name(media_path.name + '.tag')
    return preferred


def _read_sidecar_metadata(sidecar_path: Path) -> tuple[Optional[str], List[str], List[str]]:
    """Read hash, tags, and url from sidecar file.
    
    Consolidated with read_tags_from_file - this extracts extra metadata (hash, url).
    """
    if not sidecar_path.exists():
        return None, [], []
    try:
        raw = sidecar_path.read_text(encoding='utf-8')
    except OSError:
        return None, [], []
    
    hash_value: Optional[str] = None
    tags: List[str] = []
    url: List[str] = []
    
    for raw_line in raw.splitlines():
        line = raw_line.strip()
        if not line or line.startswith('#'):
            continue
        
        lower = line.lower()
        if lower.startswith('hash:'):
            hash_value = line.split(':', 1)[1].strip() if ':' in line else ''
        elif lower.startswith('url:') or lower.startswith('url:'):
            # Parse url (handle legacy 'url:' format)
            url_part = line.split(':', 1)[1].strip() if ':' in line else ''
            if url_part:
                for url_segment in url_part.split(','):
                    for url in url_segment.split():
                        url_clean = url.strip()
                        if url_clean and url_clean not in url:
                            url.append(url_clean)
        else:
            # Everything else is a tag (including relationship: lines)
            tags.append(line)
    
    return hash_value, tags, url



def rename(file_path: Path, tags: Iterable[str]) -> Optional[Path]:
    """Rename a file based on a title: tag.

    If a title: tag is present, renames the file and any .tag/.metadata sidecars.
    """

    new_title: Optional[str] = None
    for tag in tags:
        if isinstance(tag, str) and tag.lower().startswith("title:"):
            new_title = tag.split(":", 1)[1].strip()
            break

    if not new_title or not file_path.exists():
        return None

    old_name = file_path.name
    old_suffix = file_path.suffix
    new_name = f"{new_title}{old_suffix}"
    new_path = file_path.with_name(new_name)

    if new_path == file_path:
        return None

    def _rename_sidecar(ext: str) -> None:
        old_sidecar = file_path.parent / (old_name + ext)
        if not old_sidecar.exists():
            return
        new_sidecar = file_path.parent / (new_name + ext)
        if new_sidecar.exists():
            try:
                new_sidecar.unlink()
            except Exception as exc:
                debug(f"Warning: Could not replace target sidecar {new_sidecar.name}: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
                return
        old_sidecar.rename(new_sidecar)
        debug(f"Renamed sidecar: {old_sidecar.name} -> {new_sidecar.name}", file=sys.stderr)

    try:
        if new_path.exists():
            try:
                new_path.unlink()
                debug(f"Replaced existing file: {new_name}", file=sys.stderr)
            except Exception as exc:
                debug(f"Warning: Could not replace target file {new_name}: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
                return None

        file_path.rename(new_path)
        debug(f"Renamed file: {old_name} -> {new_name}", file=sys.stderr)

        _rename_sidecar(".tag")
        _rename_sidecar(".metadata")

        return new_path
    except Exception as exc:
        debug(f"Warning: Failed to rename file: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
        return None


def write_tags(media_path: Path, tags: Iterable[str], url: Iterable[str], hash_value: Optional[str] = None, db=None) -> None:
    """Write tags to database or sidecar file (tags only).
    
    Hash/URL data is no longer written to the tag sidecar; it belongs in metadata.
    If db is provided, inserts tags only into LocalLibraryDB. Otherwise, writes .tag sidecar.
    """
    if media_path.exists() and media_path.is_dir():
        raise ValueError(f"write_tags_sidecar: media_path is a directory: {media_path}")
    
    # Prepare tags lines and convert to list if needed (tags only)
    tag_list = list(tags) if not isinstance(tags, list) else tags
    
    # If database provided, insert directly and skip sidecar
    if db is not None:
        try:
            db_tags = [str(tag).strip() for tag in tag_list if str(tag).strip()]
            
            if db_tags:
                db.add_tags(media_path, db_tags)
                debug(f"Added tags to database for {media_path.name}")
            return
        except Exception as e:
            debug(f"Failed to add tags to database: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            # Fall through to sidecar creation as fallback
    
    # Create sidecar path
    try:
        sidecar = media_path.parent / (media_path.name + '.tag')
    except Exception:
        sidecar = media_path.with_name(media_path.name + '.tag')
    
    # Handle edge case: empty/invalid base name
    try:
        if not sidecar.stem or sidecar.name in {'.tag', '-.tag', '_.tag'}:
            fallback_base = media_path.stem or _sanitize_title_for_filename(extract_title(tag_list) or '') or 'untitled'
            sidecar = media_path.parent / f"{fallback_base}.tag"
    except Exception:
        pass
    
    # Write via consolidated function
    try:
        lines = []
        lines.extend(str(tag).strip() for tag in tag_list if str(tag).strip())
        
        if lines:
            sidecar.write_text("\n".join(lines) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
            debug(f"Tags: {sidecar}")
        else:
            try:
                sidecar.unlink()
            except FileNotFoundError:
                pass
    except OSError as exc:
        debug(f"Failed to write tag sidecar {sidecar}: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)


def write_metadata(media_path: Path, hash_value: Optional[str] = None, url: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None, relationships: Optional[Iterable[str]] = None, db=None) -> None:
    """Write metadata to database or sidecar file.
    
    If db is provided, inserts into LocalLibraryDB and skips sidecar file creation.
    Otherwise, creates .metadata sidecar file with hash, url, and relationships.
    
    Args:
        media_path: Path to the media file
        hash_value: Optional hash value for the file
        url: Optional iterable of known URL strings
        relationships: Optional iterable of relationship strings
        db: Optional LocalLibraryDB instance. If provided, skips sidecar creation.
    """
    if media_path.exists() and media_path.is_dir():
        raise ValueError(f"write_metadata_sidecar: media_path is a directory: {media_path}")
    
    # Prepare metadata lines
    url_list = list(url) if url else []
    rel_list = list(relationships) if relationships else []
    
    # If database provided, insert directly and skip sidecar
    if db is not None:
        try:
            # Build metadata tag list
            db_tags = []
            if hash_value:
                db_tags.append(f"hash:{hash_value}")
            for url in url_list:
                if str(url).strip():
                    clean = str(url).strip()
                    db_tags.append(f"url:{clean}")
            for rel in rel_list:
                if str(rel).strip():
                    db_tags.append(f"relationship:{str(rel).strip()}")
            
            if db_tags:
                db.add_tags(media_path, db_tags)
                debug(f"Added metadata to database for {media_path.name}")
            return
        except Exception as e:
            debug(f"Failed to add metadata to database: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            # Fall through to sidecar creation as fallback
    
    # Create sidecar path
    try:
        sidecar = media_path.parent / (media_path.name + '.metadata')
    except Exception:
        sidecar = media_path.with_name(media_path.name + '.metadata')
    
    try:
        lines = []
        
        # Add hash if available
        if hash_value:
            lines.append(f"hash:{hash_value}")
        
        # Add known url
        for url in url_list:
            if str(url).strip():
                clean = str(url).strip()
                lines.append(f"url:{clean}")
        
        # Add relationships
        for rel in rel_list:
            if str(rel).strip():
                lines.append(f"relationship:{str(rel).strip()}")
        
        # Write metadata file
        if lines:
            sidecar.write_text("\n".join(lines) + "\n", encoding="utf-8")
            debug(f"Wrote metadata to {sidecar}")
        else:
            # Remove if no content
            try:
                sidecar.unlink()
            except FileNotFoundError:
                pass
    except OSError as exc:
        debug(f"Failed to write metadata sidecar {sidecar}: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)


def extract_title(tags: Iterable[str]) -> Optional[str]:
    """
    Extracts a title from a list of tags (looks for 'title:...').
    """
    for tag in tags:
    
        tag = tag.strip()
        
        if tag.lower().startswith("title:"):
            title_tag = tag.split(":", 1)[1].strip()
            if title_tag:
                return title_tag
    return None

def _sanitize_title_for_filename(title: str) -> str:
    # Allow alnum, hyphen, underscore, and space; replace other chars with space
    temp = []
    for ch in title:
        if ch.isalnum() or ch in {"-", "_", " "}:
            temp.append(ch)
        else:
            temp.append(" ")
    # Collapse whitespace and trim hyphens/underscores around words
    rough = "".join(temp)
    tokens = []
    for seg in rough.split():
        cleaned = seg.strip("-_ ")
        if cleaned:
            tokens.append(cleaned)
    sanitized = "_".join(tokens)
    sanitized = sanitized.strip("-_")
    return sanitized or "untitled"

def apply_title_to_path(media_path: Path, tags: Iterable[str]) -> Path:
    """
    If a title tag is present, returns a new Path with the title as filename; else returns original path.
    """
    title = extract_title(tags)
    if not title:
        return media_path
    parent = media_path.parent
    sanitized = _sanitize_title_for_filename(title)
    destination = parent / f"{sanitized}{media_path.suffix}"
    return destination


def _collect_search_roots(payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> List[Path]:
    roots: List[Path] = []
    for key in ('paths', 'search_paths', 'roots', 'directories'):
        raw = payload.get(key)
        if not raw:
            continue
        entries = raw if isinstance(raw, (list, tuple, set)) else [raw]
        for entry in entries:
            if not entry:
                continue
            try:
                candidate = Path(str(entry)).expanduser()
            except Exception:
                continue
            roots.append(candidate)
    if load_config is not None and resolve_output_dir is not None:
        try:
            config = load_config()
        except Exception:
            config = None
        if isinstance(config, dict) and config:
            try:
                default_root = resolve_output_dir(config)
            except Exception:
                default_root = None
            if default_root is not None:
                roots.append(default_root)
    return roots


def _locate_sidecar_by_hash(hash_value: str, roots: Iterable[Path]) -> Optional[Path]:
    target = f'hash:{hash_value.strip().lower()}'
    for root in roots:
        try:
            root_path = root.expanduser()
        except Exception:
            continue
        if not root_path.exists() or not root_path.is_dir():
            continue
        for pattern in ('*.tag',):
            try:
                iterator = root_path.rglob(pattern)
            except OSError:
                continue
            for candidate in iterator:
                if not candidate.is_file():
                    continue
                try:
                    with candidate.open('r', encoding='utf-8', errors='ignore') as handle:
                        for line in handle:
                            if line.strip().lower() == target:
                                return candidate
                except OSError:
                    continue
    return None


def sync_sidecar(payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    path_value = payload.get('path')
    if not path_value:
        raise ValueError('path is required to synchronise sidecar')

    candidate = Path(str(path_value)).expanduser()
    if candidate.suffix.lower() == '.tag':
        sidecar_path = candidate
    else:
        sidecar_path = _derive_sidecar_path(candidate)

    tags = _normalise_string_list(payload.get('tag'))
    if not tags and sidecar_path.exists():
        tags = read_tags_from_file(sidecar_path)

    sidecar_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    if tags:
        sidecar_path.write_text('\n'.join(tags) + '\n', encoding='utf-8')
        return {
            'path': str(sidecar_path),
            'tag': tags,
        }

    try:
        sidecar_path.unlink()
    except FileNotFoundError:
        pass
    return {
        'path': str(sidecar_path),
        'tag': [],
        'deleted': True,
    }


def _build_hydrus_context(payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Tuple[Any, str, str, float, Optional[str]]:
    _ensure_hydrus_client()
    assert HydrusClient is not None
    base_url = str(payload.get('api_url') or '').strip()
    if not base_url:
        raise ValueError('Hydrus api_url is required')
    access_key = str(payload.get('access_key') or '').strip()
    options_raw = payload.get('options')
    options = options_raw if isinstance(options_raw, dict) else {}
    timeout = float(options.get('timeout') or payload.get('timeout') or 60.0)
    prefer_service = payload.get('prefer_service_name') or options.get('prefer_service_name')
    if isinstance(prefer_service, str):
        prefer_service = prefer_service.strip() or None
    else:
        prefer_service = None
    client = HydrusClient(base_url, access_key, timeout)
    return client, base_url, access_key, timeout, prefer_service


def _refetch_hydrus_summary(base_url: str, access_key: str, hash_hex: str, timeout: float, prefer_service: Optional[str]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    payload: Dict[str, Any] = {
        'hash': hash_hex,
        'api_url': base_url,
        'access_key': access_key,
        'options': {
            'minimal': True,
            'include_relationships': False,
            'timeout': timeout,
        },
    }
    if prefer_service:
        payload['options']['prefer_service_name'] = prefer_service
    return fetch_hydrus_metadata(payload)


def _apply_hydrus_tag_mutation(payload: Dict[str, Any], add: Iterable[Any], remove: Iterable[Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    client, base_url, access_key, timeout, prefer_service = _build_hydrus_context(payload)
    hash_hex = _normalize_hash(payload.get('hash'))
    add_list = [_normalize_tag(tag) for tag in add if _normalize_tag(tag)]
    remove_list = [_normalize_tag(tag) for tag in remove if _normalize_tag(tag)]
    if not add_list and not remove_list:
        raise ValueError('No tag changes supplied')
    service_key = payload.get('service_key') or payload.get('tag_service_key')
    summary = None
    if not service_key:
        summary = _refetch_hydrus_summary(base_url, access_key, hash_hex, timeout, prefer_service)
        service_key = summary.get('tag_service_key')
    if not isinstance(service_key, str) or not service_key:
        raise RuntimeError('Unable to determine Hydrus tag service key')
    actions: Dict[str, List[str]] = {}
    if add_list:
        actions['0'] = [tag for tag in add_list if tag]
    if remove_list:
        actions['1'] = [tag for tag in remove_list if tag]
    if not actions:
        raise ValueError('Tag mutation produced no actionable changes')
    request_payload = {
        'hashes': [hash_hex],
        'service_keys_to_actions_to_tags': {
            service_key: actions,
        },
    }
    try:
        assert HydrusRequestSpec is not None
        tag_spec = HydrusRequestSpec(
            method='POST',
            endpoint='/add_tags/add_tags',
            data=request_payload,
        )
        client._perform_request(tag_spec)
    except HydrusRequestError as exc:  # type: ignore[misc]
        raise RuntimeError(str(exc))
    summary_after = _refetch_hydrus_summary(base_url, access_key, hash_hex, timeout, prefer_service)
    result = dict(summary_after)
    result['added_tags'] = actions.get('0', [])
    result['removed_tags'] = actions.get('1', [])
    result['tag_service_key'] = summary_after.get('tag_service_key')
    return result


def apply_tag_mutation(payload: Dict[str, Any], operation: str = 'add') -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """Unified tag mutation for add and update operations (Hydrus and local).
    
    Consolidates: add_tag, update_tag, _add_local_tag, _update_local_tag
    
    Args:
        payload: Mutation payload with type, tags, old_tag, new_tag
        operation: 'add' or 'update'
    
    Returns:
        Dict with tags and operation result
    """
    file_type = str(payload.get('type', 'local')).lower()
    
    if file_type == 'hydrus':
        if operation == 'add':
            new_tag = _normalize_tag(payload.get('new_tag'))
            if not new_tag:
                raise ValueError('new_tag is required')
            result = _apply_hydrus_tag_mutation(payload, [new_tag], [])
            result['added'] = True
            return result
        else:  # update
            old_tag = _normalize_tag(payload.get('old_tag'))
            new_tag = _normalize_tag(payload.get('new_tag'))
            result = _apply_hydrus_tag_mutation(
                payload,
                [new_tag] if new_tag else [],
                [old_tag] if old_tag else []
            )
            result['updated'] = True
            return result
    else:  # local
        tag = _clean_existing_tags(payload.get('tag'))
        
        if operation == 'add':
            new_tag = _normalize_tag(payload.get('new_tag'))
            if not new_tag:
                raise ValueError('new_tag is required')
            added = new_tag not in tag
            if added:
                tag.append(new_tag)
            return {'tag': tag, 'added': added}
        
        else:  # update
            old_tag = _normalize_tag(payload.get('old_tag'))
            new_tag = _normalize_tag(payload.get('new_tag'))
            if not old_tag:
                raise ValueError('old_tag is required')
            
            remaining = []
            removed_count = 0
            for item in tag:
                if item == old_tag:
                    removed_count += 1
                else:
                    remaining.append(item)
            
            if new_tag and removed_count > 0:
                remaining.extend([new_tag] * removed_count)
            
            updated = removed_count > 0 or (bool(new_tag) and new_tag not in tag)
            return {'tag': remaining, 'updated': updated, 'removed_count': removed_count}


def extract_ytdlp_tags(entry: Dict[str, Any]) -> List[str]:
    """
    """
    tags: List[str] = []
    seen_namespaces: Set[str] = set()
    
    # Meaningful yt-dlp fields that should become tags
    # This mapping excludes technical fields: filesize, duration, format_id, vcodec, acodec, ext, etc.
    field_to_namespace = {
        'artist': 'artist',
        'album': 'album',
        'creator': 'creator',
        'uploader': 'creator',  # Map uploader to creator (deduplicate)
        'uploader_id': 'creator',
        'channel': 'channel',
        'genre': 'genre',
        'track': 'track',
        'track_number': 'track_number',
        'release_date': 'release_date',
        'upload_date': 'upload_date',
        'title': 'title',
        'license': 'license',
        'location': 'location',
    }
    
    # Extract simple field mappings
    for yt_field, namespace in field_to_namespace.items():
        value = entry.get(yt_field)
        if value is not None:
            value_str = value_normalize(str(value))
            if value_str:
                # Prevent duplicate creator tags (only use first creator)
                if namespace == 'creator':
                    if 'creator' in seen_namespaces:
                        continue
                    seen_namespaces.add('creator')
                
                _add_tag(tags, namespace, value_str)
    
    # Handle tags field specially (could be list, dict, or string)
    # For list/sequence tags, capture as freeform (no namespace prefix)
    tags_field = entry.get('tags')
    if tags_field is not None:
        if isinstance(tags_field, list):
            # Tags is list: ["tag1", "tag2", ...] → capture as freeform tags (no "tag:" prefix)
            # These are typically genre/category tags from the source (BandCamp genres, etc.)
            for tag_value in tags_field:
                if tag_value:
                    normalized = value_normalize(str(tag_value))
                    if normalized and normalized not in tags:
                        tags.append(normalized)
        elif isinstance(tags_field, dict):
            # Tags is dict: {"key": "val"} → tag:key:val
            for key, val in tags_field.items():
                if key and val:
                    key_normalized = value_normalize(str(key))
                    val_normalized = value_normalize(str(val))
                    if key_normalized and val_normalized:
                        _add_tag(tags, f'tag:{key_normalized}', val_normalized)
        else:
            # Tags is string or other: add as freeform
            if tags_field:
                normalized = value_normalize(str(tags_field))
                if normalized and normalized not in tags:
                    tags.append(normalized)
    
    return tags


def dedup_tags_by_namespace(tags: List[str], keep_first: bool = True) -> List[str]:
    """Deduplicate tags by namespace, keeping consistent order.
    
    This is the UNIFIED API for tag deduplication used across all cmdlet.
    Replaces custom deduplication logic in merge_file.py and other modules.
    
    Groups tags by namespace (e.g., "artist", "album", "tag") and keeps
    either the first or last occurrence of each namespace, then preserves
    order based on first appearance.
    
    Args:
        tags: List of tags (with or without namespace prefixes)
        keep_first: If True, keep first occurrence per namespace (default).
                   If False, keep last occurrence per namespace.
    
    Returns:
        Deduplicated tag list with consistent order
        
    Example:
        >>> tags = [
        ...     'artist:Beatles', 'album:Abbey Road',
        ...     'artist:Beatles', 'tag:rock',
        ...     'album:Abbey Road', 'artist:Beatles'
        ... ]
        >>> dedup = dedup_tags_by_namespace(tags)
        >>> debug(dedup)
        ['artist:Beatles', 'album:Abbey Road', 'tag:rock']
    """
    if not tags:
        return []
    
    # Group tags by namespace
    namespace_to_tags: Dict[Optional[str], List[Tuple[int, str]]] = {}  # namespace → [(index, full_tag), ...]
    first_appearance: Dict[Optional[str], int] = {}  # namespace → first_index
    
    for idx, tag in enumerate(tags):
        # Extract namespace (part before ':')
        if ':' in tag:
            namespace: Optional[str] = tag.split(':', 1)[0]
        else:
            namespace = None  # No namespace
        
        # Track first appearance
        if namespace not in first_appearance:
            first_appearance[namespace] = idx
        
        # Store tag with its index
        if namespace not in namespace_to_tags:
            namespace_to_tags[namespace] = []
        namespace_to_tags[namespace].append((idx, tag))
    
    # Build result: keep first or last occurrence per namespace
    result: List[Tuple[int, str]] = []  # (first_appearance_index, tag)
    
    for namespace, tag_list in namespace_to_tags.items():
        if keep_first:
            chosen_tag = tag_list[0][1]  # First occurrence
        else:
            chosen_tag = tag_list[-1][1]  # Last occurrence
        
        result.append((first_appearance[namespace], chosen_tag))
    
    # Sort by first appearance order, then extract tags
    result.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
    return [tag for _, tag in result]


def merge_multiple_tag_lists(
    sources: List[List[str]],
    strategy: str = 'first'
) -> List[str]:
    """Intelligently merge multiple tag lists with smart deduplication.
    
    This is the UNIFIED API for merging tags from multiple sources
    (e.g., when merging multiple files or combining metadata sources).
    
    Strategies:
    - 'first': Keep first occurrence of each namespace (default)
    - 'all': Keep all different values (different artists possible)
    - 'combine': For non-namespace tags, combine all unique values
    
    Args:
        sources: List of tag lists to merge
        strategy: Merge strategy - 'first', 'all', or 'combine'
    
    Returns:
        Merged and deduplicated tag list
        
    Example:
        >>> list1 = ['artist:Beatles', 'album:Abbey Road']
        >>> list2 = ['artist:Beatles', 'album:Abbey Road', 'tag:rock']
        >>> merged = merge_multiple_tag_lists([list1, list2])
        >>> debug(merged)
        ['artist:Beatles', 'album:Abbey Road', 'tag:rock']
    """
    if not sources:
        return []
    
    if strategy == 'first':
        # Concatenate all lists and deduplicate by namespace
        all_tags = []
        for tag_list in sources:
            all_tags.extend(tag_list or [])
        return dedup_tags_by_namespace(all_tags, keep_first=True)
    
    elif strategy == 'all':
        # Keep all different values per namespace
        namespace_to_values: Dict[Optional[str], Set[str]] = {}
        order: List[Tuple[int, str, str]] = []  # (first_index, namespace, value)
        global_index = 0
        
        for source in sources:
            if not source:
                continue
            for tag in source:
                if ':' in tag:
                    namespace: Optional[str] = tag.split(':', 1)[0]
                    value = tag.split(':', 1)[1]
                else:
                    namespace = None
                    value = tag
                
                if namespace not in namespace_to_values:
                    namespace_to_values[namespace] = set()
                    order.append((global_index, namespace or '', tag))
                elif value not in namespace_to_values[namespace]:
                    order.append((global_index, namespace or '', tag))
                
                namespace_to_values[namespace].add(value)
                global_index += 1
        
        # Sort by order of first appearance and extract
        order.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
        return [tag for _, _, tag in order]
    
    elif strategy == 'combine':
        # Combine all unique plain (non-namespace) tags
        all_tags = []
        namespaced: Dict[str, str] = {}  # namespace → tag (first occurrence)
        
        for source in sources:
            if not source:
                continue
            for tag in source:
                if ':' in tag:
                    namespace = tag.split(':', 1)[0]
                    if namespace not in namespaced:
                        namespaced[namespace] = tag
                        all_tags.append(tag)
                else:
                    if tag not in all_tags:
                        all_tags.append(tag)
        
        return all_tags
    
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown merge strategy: {strategy}")


def read_tags_from_file(file_path: Path) -> List[str]:
    """Read and normalize tags from .tag sidecar file.
    
    This is the UNIFIED API for reading .tag files across all cmdlet.
    Handles normalization, deduplication, and format validation.
    
    Args:
        file_path: Path to .tag sidecar file
        
    Returns:
        List of normalized tag strings
        
    Raises:
        FileNotFoundError: If file doesn't exist
        
    Example:
        >>> tags = read_tags_from_file(Path('file.txt.tag'))
        >>> debug(tags)
        ['artist:Beatles', 'album:Abbey Road']
    """
    file_path = Path(file_path)
    if not file_path.exists():
        raise FileNotFoundError(f"Tag file not found: {file_path}")
    
    tags: List[str] = []
    seen: Set[str] = set()
    
    try:
        with open(file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
            for line in f:
                # Strip whitespace and skip empty lines
                line = line.strip()
                if not line:
                    continue
                
                # Skip comment lines
                if line.startswith('#'):
                    continue
                
                # Normalize the tag
                normalized = value_normalize(line)
                if normalized and normalized not in seen:
                    seen.add(normalized)
                    tags.append(normalized)
    except Exception as exc:
        raise ValueError(f"Error reading tag file {file_path}: {exc}")
    
    return tags


def embed_metadata_in_file(
    file_path: Path,
    tags: List[str],
    file_kind: str = ''
) -> bool:
    """
    """
    if not tags:
        return True
    
    file_path = Path(file_path)
    
    # Tag namespace to FFmpeg metadata key mapping
    tag_map = {
        'title': 'title',
        'artist': 'artist',
        'album': 'album',
        'track': 'track',
        'track_number': 'track',
        'date': 'date',
        'year': 'date',
        'genre': 'genre',
        'composer': 'composer',
        'comment': 'comment',
        'url': 'comment',  # Embed known url in comment field
        'creator': 'artist',  # Map creator to artist
        'channel': 'album_artist',  # Map channel to album_artist
    }
    
    # Extract metadata from tags
    metadata = {}
    comments = []  # Collect comments (including url)
    for tag in tags:
        tag_str = str(tag).strip()
        if ':' in tag_str:
            namespace, value = tag_str.split(':', 1)
            namespace = namespace.lower().strip()
            value = value.strip()
            if namespace in tag_map and value:
                ffmpeg_key = tag_map[namespace]
                if namespace == 'url':
                    # Collect url as comments
                    comments.append(f"URL: {value}")
                elif ffmpeg_key == 'comment':
                    # Collect other comment-type tags
                    comments.append(value)
                elif ffmpeg_key not in metadata:
                    # Don't overwrite if already set from earlier tag
                    metadata[ffmpeg_key] = value
    
    # Add collected comments to metadata
    if comments:
        if 'comment' in metadata:
            metadata['comment'] = metadata['comment'] + ' | ' + ' | '.join(comments)
        else:
            metadata['comment'] = ' | '.join(comments)
    
    # Apply sensible defaults for audio files
    if file_kind == 'audio' or (not file_kind and file_path.suffix.lower() in {'.mp3', '.flac', '.wav', '.m4a', '.aac', '.ogg', '.opus', '.mka'}):
        # If no album, use title as album
        if 'album' not in metadata and 'title' in metadata:
            metadata['album'] = metadata['title']
        # If no track, default to 1
        if 'track' not in metadata:
            metadata['track'] = '1'
        # If no album_artist, use artist
        if 'artist' in metadata:
            metadata['album_artist'] = metadata['artist']
    
    if not metadata:
        return True
    
    # Check if FFmpeg is available
    ffmpeg_path = shutil.which('ffmpeg')
    if not ffmpeg_path:
        debug(f"⚠️  FFmpeg not found; cannot embed metadata in {file_path.name}", file=sys.stderr)
        return False
    
    # Create temporary file for output
    temp_file = file_path.parent / f"{file_path.stem}.ffmpeg_tmp{file_path.suffix}"
    try:
        cmd = [ffmpeg_path, '-y', '-i', str(file_path)]
        for key, value in metadata.items():
            cmd.extend(['-metadata', f'{key}={value}'])
        cmd.extend(['-c', 'copy', str(temp_file)])
        
        # Run ffmpeg with error handling for non-UTF8 output
        result = subprocess.run(
            cmd, 
            stdout=subprocess.PIPE, 
            stderr=subprocess.PIPE, 
            text=False,  # Don't decode as text - ffmpeg may output binary data
            timeout=30
        )
        if result.returncode == 0 and temp_file.exists():
            # Replace original with temp file
            file_path.unlink()
            temp_file.rename(file_path)
            debug(f"Embedded metadata in file: {file_path.name}", file=sys.stderr)
            return True
        else:
            # Clean up temp file if it exists
            if temp_file.exists():
                temp_file.unlink()
            debug(f"❌ FFmpeg metadata embedding failed for {file_path.name}", file=sys.stderr)
            if result.stderr:
                # Safely decode stderr, ignoring invalid UTF-8 bytes
                try:
                    stderr_text = result.stderr.decode('utf-8', errors='replace')[:200]
                    debug(f"FFmpeg stderr: {stderr_text}", file=sys.stderr)
                except Exception:
                    pass
            return False
    except Exception as exc:
        if temp_file.exists():
            try:
                temp_file.unlink()
            except Exception:
                pass
        debug(f"❌ Error embedding metadata: {exc}", file=sys.stderr)
        return False


def write_tags_to_file(
    file_path: Path,
    tags: List[str],
    source_hashes: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    url: Optional[List[str]] = None,
    append: bool = False
) -> bool:
    """Write tags to .tag sidecar file.
    
    This is the UNIFIED API for writing .tag files across all cmdlet.
    Uses consistent format and handles file creation/overwriting.
    
    Args:
        file_path: Path to .tag file (will be created if doesn't exist)
        tags: List of tags to write
        source_hashes: Optional source file hashes (written as source:hash1,hash2)
        url: Optional known url (each written on separate line as url:url)
        append: If True, append to existing file; if False, overwrite (default)
        
    Returns:
        True if successful
        
    Raises:
        Exception: If file write fails
        
    Example:
        >>> tags = ['artist:Beatles', 'album:Abbey Road']
        >>> write_tags_to_file(Path('file.txt.tag'), tags)
        True
    """
    file_path = Path(file_path)
    
    try:
        # Prepare content
        content_lines: List[str] = []
        
        # Add source hashes if provided
        if source_hashes:
            content_lines.append(f"source:{','.join(source_hashes)}")
        
        # Add known url if provided - each on separate line to prevent corruption
        if url:
            for url in url:
                content_lines.append(f"url:{url}")
        
        # Add tags
        if tags:
            content_lines.extend(tags)
        
        # Write to file
        mode = 'a' if (append and file_path.exists()) else 'w'
        with open(file_path, mode, encoding='utf-8') as f:
            for line in content_lines:
                f.write(line + '\n')
        
        return True
    except Exception as exc:
        raise ValueError(f"Error writing tag file {file_path}: {exc}")


def normalize_tags_from_source(
    source_data: Any,
    source_type: str = 'auto'
) -> List[str]:
    """Normalize tags from any source format.
    
    Universal function to normalize tags from different sources:
    - yt-dlp entry dicts
    - Raw tag lists
    - .tag file content strings
    - Metadata dictionaries
    
    Args:
        source_data: Source data (type determined by source_type or auto-detected)
        source_type: One of 'auto', 'ytdlp', 'list', 'text', 'dict'
                     'auto' attempts to auto-detect the type
        
    Returns:
        Normalized, deduplicated tag list
        
    Example:
        >>> entry = {'artist': 'Beatles', 'album': 'Abbey Road'}
        >>> tags = normalize_tags_from_source(entry, 'ytdlp')
        >>> debug(tags)
        ['artist:Beatles', 'album:Abbey Road']
    """
    if source_type == 'auto':
        # Auto-detect source type
        if isinstance(source_data, dict):
            # Check if it looks like a yt-dlp entry (has id, title, url, etc.)
            if 'id' in source_data or 'title' in source_data or 'uploader' in source_data:
                source_type = 'ytdlp'
            else:
                source_type = 'dict'
        elif isinstance(source_data, list):
            source_type = 'list'
        elif isinstance(source_data, str):
            source_type = 'text'
        else:
            source_type = 'dict'
    
    # Process based on detected/specified type
    if source_type == 'ytdlp':
        if not isinstance(source_data, dict):
            raise ValueError("ytdlp source must be a dict")
        return extract_ytdlp_tags(source_data)
    
    elif source_type == 'list':
        if not isinstance(source_data, (list, tuple)):
            raise ValueError("list source must be a list or tuple")
        # Normalize each tag in the list
        result = []
        for tag in source_data:
            normalized = value_normalize(str(tag))
            if normalized:
                result.append(normalized)
        return result
    
    elif source_type == 'text':
        if not isinstance(source_data, str):
            raise ValueError("text source must be a string")
        # Split by lines and normalize
        lines = source_data.split('\n')
        result = []
        seen = set()
        for line in lines:
            line = line.strip()
            if line and not line.startswith('#'):
                normalized = value_normalize(line)
                if normalized and normalized not in seen:
                    seen.add(normalized)
                    result.append(normalized)
        return result
    
    elif source_type == 'dict':
        if not isinstance(source_data, dict):
            raise ValueError("dict source must be a dict")
        # Extract as generic metadata (similar to yt-dlp but from any dict)
        return extract_ytdlp_tags(source_data)
    
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown source type: {source_type}")


def detect_metadata_request(tag: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, str]]:
    trimmed = value_normalize(tag)
    if not trimmed:
        return None
    lower = trimmed.lower()
    imdb_match = re.match(r'^imdb:\s*(tt[\w]+)$', lower)
    if imdb_match:
        imdb_id = imdb_match.group(1)
        return {
            'source': 'imdb',
            'id': imdb_id,
            'base': f'imdb:{imdb_id}',
        }
    remainder = re.match(r'^musicbrainz:\s*(.+)$', lower)
    if remainder:
        raw = remainder.group(1)
        entity = 'release'
        identifier = raw
        specific = re.match(r'^(?P<entity>[a-zA-Z]+)\s*:\s*(?P<id>[\w-]+)$', raw)
        if specific:
            entity = specific.group('entity')
            identifier = specific.group('id')
        identifier = identifier.replace(' ', '')
        if identifier:
            return {
                'source': 'musicbrainz',
                'entity': entity.lower(),
                'id': identifier,
                'base': f'musicbrainz:{identifier}',
            }
    return None
def expand_metadata_tag(payload: Dict[str, Any]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    tag = payload.get('tag')
    if not isinstance(tag, str):
        return {'tags': []}
    trimmed = value_normalize(tag)
    if not trimmed:
        return {'tags': []}
    request = detect_metadata_request(trimmed)
    tags: List[str] = []
    seen: Set[str] = set()
    if request:
        _append_unique(tags, seen, request['base'])
    else:
        _append_unique(tags, seen, trimmed)
        return {'tags': tags}
    try:
        if request['source'] == 'imdb':
            data = imdb_tag(request['id'])
        else:
            data = fetch_musicbrainz_tags(request['id'], request['entity'])
    except Exception as exc:  # pragma: no cover - network/service errors
        return {'tag': tags, 'error': str(exc)}
    # Add tags from fetched data (no namespace, just unique append)
    for tag in (data.get('tag') or []):
        _append_unique(tags, seen, tag)
    result = {
        'tag': tags,
        'source': request['source'],
        'id': request['id'],
    }
    if request['source'] == 'musicbrainz':
        result['entity'] = request['entity']
    return result
def build_remote_bundle(metadata: Optional[Dict[str, Any]], existing: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None, context: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    metadata = metadata or {}
    context = context or {}
    tags: List[str] = []
    seen: Set[str] = set()
    if existing:
        for tag in existing:
            _append_unique(tags, seen, tag)
    
    # Add tags from various sources
    for tag in (metadata.get("tag") or []):
        _append_unique(tags, seen, tag)
    for tag in (metadata.get("categories") or []):
        _append_unique(tags, seen, tag)
    
    # Extract and namespace genres
    raw_genres = metadata.get("genres")
    keywords = metadata.get("keywords")
    if isinstance(keywords, str):
        for token in keywords.split(","):
            _append_unique(tags, seen, token)
    if raw_genres:
        for genre in (raw_genres if isinstance(raw_genres, (list, tuple)) else [raw_genres]):
            if genre:
                _append_unique(tags, seen, f"genre:{genre}")
    
    # Extract creators/artists
    artists = metadata.get("artists") or metadata.get("artist")
    if artists:
        artist_list = artists if isinstance(artists, (list, tuple)) else [artists]
        for artist in artist_list:
            if artist:
                _append_unique(tags, seen, f"creator:{artist}")
    
    creator = metadata.get("uploader") or metadata.get("channel") or metadata.get("artist") or metadata.get("creator")
    if creator:
        _append_unique(tags, seen, f"creator:{creator}")
    
    # Extract title
    title_value = metadata.get("title")
    if title_value:
        _extend_namespaced(tags, seen, "title", [title_value])
    source_url = context.get("source_url") or metadata.get("original_url") or metadata.get("webpage_url") or metadata.get("url")
    clean_title = value_normalize(str(title_value)) if title_value is not None else None
    result = {
        "tag": tags,
        "title": clean_title,
        "source_url": _sanitize_url(source_url),
        "duration": _coerce_duration(metadata),
        "metadata": metadata,
    }
    return result
def _load_payload(value: Optional[str]) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    text = value
    if text is None:
        text = sys.stdin.read()
    if text is None or text.strip() == "":
        raise ValueError("Expected JSON payload")
    data = json.loads(text)
    if not isinstance(data, dict):
        raise ValueError("Payload must be a JSON object")
    return data


import typer

app = typer.Typer(help="Fetch metadata tags for known services")

@app.command(help="Lookup an IMDb title")
def imdb(imdb_id: str = typer.Argument(..., help="IMDb identifier (ttXXXXXXX)")):
    """Lookup an IMDb title."""
    try:
        result = imdb_tag(imdb_id)
        debug(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
    except Exception as exc:
        error_payload = {"error": str(exc)}
        debug(json.dumps(error_payload, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
        raise typer.Exit(code=1)

@app.command(help="Lookup a MusicBrainz entity")
def musicbrainz(
    mbid: str = typer.Argument(..., help="MusicBrainz identifier (UUID)"),
    entity: str = typer.Option("release", help="Entity type (release, recording, artist)")
):
    """Lookup a MusicBrainz entity."""
    try:
        result = fetch_musicbrainz_tags(mbid, entity)
        debug(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
    except Exception as exc:
        error_payload = {"error": str(exc)}
        debug(json.dumps(error_payload, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
        raise typer.Exit(code=1)

@app.command(name="remote-tags", help="Normalize a remote metadata payload")
def remote_tags(payload: Optional[str] = typer.Option(None, "--payload", help="JSON payload; reads stdin if omitted")):
    """Normalize a remote metadata payload."""
    try:
        payload_data = _load_payload(payload)
        metadata = payload_data.get("metadata") or {}
        existing = payload_data.get("existing_tags") or []
        context = payload_data.get("context") or {}
        if not isinstance(existing, list):
            raise ValueError("existing_tags must be a list")
        if context and not isinstance(context, dict):
            raise ValueError("context must be an object")
        result = build_remote_bundle(metadata, existing, context)
        debug(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
    except Exception as exc:
        error_payload = {"error": str(exc)}
        debug(json.dumps(error_payload, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
        raise typer.Exit(code=1)

@app.command(name="remote-fetch", help="Resolve remote metadata bundle")
def remote_fetch(payload: Optional[str] = typer.Option(None, "--payload", help="JSON payload; reads stdin if omitted")):
    """Resolve remote metadata bundle."""
    try:
        payload_data = _load_payload(payload)
        result = resolve_remote_metadata(payload_data)
        debug(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
    except Exception as exc:
        error_payload = {"error": str(exc)}
        debug(json.dumps(error_payload, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
        raise typer.Exit(code=1)

@app.command(name="expand-tag", help="Expand metadata references into tags")
def expand_tag(payload: Optional[str] = typer.Option(None, "--payload", help="JSON payload; reads stdin if omitted")):
    """Expand metadata references into tags."""
    try:
        payload_data = _load_payload(payload)
        result = expand_metadata_tag(payload_data)
        debug(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
    except Exception as exc:
        error_payload = {"error": str(exc)}
        debug(json.dumps(error_payload, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
        raise typer.Exit(code=1)

@app.command(name="hydrus-fetch", help="Fetch Hydrus metadata for a file")
def hydrus_fetch(payload: Optional[str] = typer.Option(None, "--payload", help="JSON payload; reads stdin if omitted")):
    """Fetch Hydrus metadata for a file."""
    try:
        payload_data = _load_payload(payload)
        result = fetch_hydrus_metadata(payload_data)
        debug(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
    except Exception as exc:
        error_payload = {"error": str(exc)}
        debug(json.dumps(error_payload, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
        raise typer.Exit(code=1)

@app.command(name="hydrus-fetch-url", help="Fetch Hydrus metadata using a source URL")
def hydrus_fetch_url(payload: Optional[str] = typer.Option(None, "--payload", help="JSON payload; reads stdin if omitted")):
    """Fetch Hydrus metadata using a source URL."""
    try:
        payload_data = _load_payload(payload)
        result = fetch_hydrus_metadata_by_url(payload_data)
        debug(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
    except Exception as exc:
        error_payload = {"error": str(exc)}
        debug(json.dumps(error_payload, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
        raise typer.Exit(code=1)

@app.command(name="sync-sidecar", help="Synchronise .tag sidecar with supplied data")
def sync_sidecar_cmd(payload: Optional[str] = typer.Option(None, "--payload", help="JSON payload; reads stdin if omitted")):
    """Synchronise .tag sidecar with supplied data."""
    try:
        payload_data = _load_payload(payload)
        result = sync_sidecar(payload_data)
        debug(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
    except Exception as exc:
        error_payload = {"error": str(exc)}
        debug(json.dumps(error_payload, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
        raise typer.Exit(code=1)

@app.command(name="update-tag", help="Update or rename a tag")
def update_tag_cmd(payload: Optional[str] = typer.Option(None, "--payload", help="JSON payload; reads stdin if omitted")):
    """Update or rename a tag."""
    try:
        payload_data = _load_payload(payload)
        result = apply_tag_mutation(payload_data, 'update')
        debug(json.dumps(result, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
    except Exception as exc:
        error_payload = {"error": str(exc)}
        debug(json.dumps(error_payload, ensure_ascii=False), flush=True)
        raise typer.Exit(code=1)

def main(argv: Optional[List[str]] = None) -> int:
    """Main entry point using Typer."""
    try:
        app(argv, standalone_mode=False)
        return 0
    except SystemExit as e:
        return e.code if isinstance(e.code, int) else 1


# ============================================================================
# TAG OPERATIONS - Consolidated from tag_operations.py and tag_helpers.py
# ============================================================================

def sort_tags(tags: List[str]) -> List[str]:
    """
    Sort tags into namespace tags and freeform tags, then alphabetically.
    
    Args:
        tags: List of tag strings
        
    Returns:
        Sorted list with namespace tags first, then freeform tags
    """
    if not tags:
        return []
    
    namespace_tags = []
    freeform_tags = []
    
    for tag in tags:
        if isinstance(tag, str):
            if ':' in tag:
                namespace_tags.append(tag)
            else:
                freeform_tags.append(tag)
    
    namespace_tags.sort()
    freeform_tags.sort()
    
    return namespace_tags + freeform_tags


def format_tags_display(tags: List[str], namespace_filter: Optional[str] = None) -> List[str]:
    """
    Format tags for display, optionally filtered by namespace.
    
    Args:
        tags: List of tags
        namespace_filter: Optional namespace to filter by (e.g., "creator:")
        
    Returns:
        Formatted list of tags
    """
    if not tags:
        return []
    
    if namespace_filter:
        filtered = [t for t in tags if t.startswith(namespace_filter)]
        return sort_tags(filtered)
    
    return sort_tags(tags)


def split_tag(tag: str) -> tuple[str, str]:
    """
    Split a tag into namespace and value.
    
    Args:
        tag: Tag string (e.g., "creator:Author Name" or "freeform tag")
        
    Returns:
        Tuple of (namespace, value). For freeform tags, namespace is empty string.
    """
    if ':' in tag:
        parts = tag.split(':', 1)
        return parts[0], parts[1]
    return '', tag


def filter_tags_by_namespace(tags: List[str], namespace: str) -> List[str]:
    """
    Get all tags in a specific namespace.
    
    Args:
        tags: List of tags
        namespace: Namespace to filter by
        
    Returns:
        List of values in that namespace
    """
    prefix = namespace + ':'
    return [split_tag(t)[1] for t in tags if t.startswith(prefix)]


def ensure_title_tag(tags: List[str], title: str) -> List[str]:
    """
    Ensure there's a title: tag with the given title.
    
    Args:
        tags: List of existing tags
        title: Title to ensure exists
        
    Returns:
        Updated tag list
    """
    if not title:
        return tags
    
    # Remove any existing title tags
    filtered = [t for t in tags if not t.startswith('title:')]
    
    # Add new title tag
    new_tags = filtered + [f'title:{title}']
    
    return sort_tags(new_tags)


def remove_title_tags(tags: List[str]) -> List[str]:
    """Remove all title: tags."""
    return [t for t in tags if not t.startswith('title:')]


def is_namespace_tag(tag: str) -> bool:
    """Check if a tag is a namespace tag (contains :)."""
    return ':' in tag if isinstance(tag, str) else False


def validate_tag(tag: str) -> bool:
    """
    Validate that a tag is properly formatted.
    
    Args:
        tag: Tag to validate
        
    Returns:
        True if tag is valid
    """
    if not isinstance(tag, str) or not tag.strip():
        return False
    
    # Tag shouldn't have leading/trailing whitespace
    if tag != tag.strip():
        return False
    
    # Tag shouldn't be empty
    if not tag:
        return False
    
    return True


def normalize_tags(tags: List[Any]) -> List[str]:
    """
    Normalize a tag list by filtering and cleaning.
    
    Args:
        tags: List of tags (may contain invalid entries)
        
    Returns:
        Cleaned list of valid tags
    """
    if not tags:
        return []
    
    normalized = []
    for tag in tags:
        if isinstance(tag, str):
            trimmed = tag.strip()
            if trimmed and validate_tag(trimmed):
                normalized.append(trimmed)
    
    return sort_tags(normalized)


def merge_tag_lists(*tag_lists: List[str]) -> List[str]:
    """
    Merge multiple tag lists, removing duplicates.
    
    Args:
        *tag_lists: Variable number of tag lists
        
    Returns:
        Merged, deduplicated, sorted list
    """
    merged = set()
    for tag_list in tag_lists:
        if isinstance(tag_list, list):
            merged.update(tag_list)
    
    return sort_tags(list(merged))


def tag_diff(old_tags: List[str], new_tags: List[str]) -> Dict[str, List[str]]:
    """
    Calculate the difference between two tag lists.
    
    Args:
        old_tags: Original tags
        new_tags: New tags
        
    Returns:
        Dict with 'added' and 'removed' keys
    """
    old_set = set(old_tags) if old_tags else set()
    new_set = set(new_tags) if new_tags else set()
    
    return {
        'added': sorted(list(new_set - old_set)),
        'removed': sorted(list(old_set - new_set))
    }


def expand_tag_lists(tags_set: Set[str]) -> Set[str]:
    """Expand tag list references like {psychology} to actual tags from adjective.json.
    
    Removes the reference after expansion (e.g., {psychology} is deleted, psychology tags added).
    
    Args:
        tags_set: Set of tag strings that may include {list_name} references
        
    Returns:
        Set of expanded tags with all {list_name} references replaced with actual tags
    """
    # Load adjective.json from workspace root
    adjective_path = Path(__file__).parent / "adjective.json"
    if not adjective_path.exists():
        log.debug(f"adjective.json not found at {adjective_path}")
        return tags_set
    
    try:
        with open(adjective_path, 'r') as f:
            adjective_lists = json.load(f)
    except Exception as e:
        log.error(f"Error loading adjective.json: {e}")
        return tags_set
    
    expanded_tags = set()
    for tag in tags_set:
        # Check if tag is a list reference like {psychology}
        if tag.startswith('{') and tag.endswith('}'):
            list_name = tag[1:-1].lower()  # Extract name, make lowercase
            
            # Find matching list (case-insensitive)
            matched_list = None
            for key in adjective_lists.keys():
                if key.lower() == list_name:
                    matched_list = adjective_lists[key]
                    break
            
            if matched_list:
                # Add all tags from the list
                expanded_tags.update(matched_list)
                log.info(f"Expanded {tag} to {len(matched_list)} tags")
            else:
                # List not found, log warning but don't add the reference
                log.warning(f"Tag list '{list_name}' not found in adjective.json")
        else:
            # Regular tag, keep as is
            expanded_tags.add(tag)
    
    return expanded_tags


def process_tags_from_string(tags_str: str, expand_lists: bool = False) -> Set[str]:
    """Process a tag string into a set of tags.
    
    Handles:
    - Multiple formats: comma-separated, newline-separated, space-separated
    - Tag list expansion: {psychology} -> psychology tags (if expand_lists=True)
    - Whitespace trimming
    
    Args:
        tags_str: Raw tag string
        expand_lists: If True, expand {list_name} references using adjective.json
        
    Returns:
        Set of processed tags
    """
    if not tags_str:
        return set()
    
    # Try to detect delimiter and split accordingly
    # Prefer newlines, then commas, then spaces
    if '\n' in tags_str:
        delimiter = '\n'
    elif ',' in tags_str:
        delimiter = ','
    else:
        delimiter = ' '
    
    # Split and clean tags
    tags_set = set()
    for tag in tags_str.split(delimiter):
        tag = tag.strip()
        if tag:
            tags_set.add(tag)
    
    # Expand list references if requested
    if expand_lists:
        tags_set = expand_tag_lists(tags_set)
    
    return tags_set


def build_book_tags(
    *,
    title: Optional[str] = None,
    author: Optional[str] = None,
    isbn: Optional[str] = None,
    year: Optional[str] = None,
    source: Optional[str] = None,
    extra: Optional[Sequence[str]] = None,
) -> List[str]:
    """Build consistent book tags for downloads (LibGen, OpenLibrary, etc.)."""
    tags: List[str] = ["book"]

    def _add(tag: Optional[str]) -> None:
        if tag and isinstance(tag, str) and tag.strip():
            tags.append(tag.strip())

    _add(source)
    if title:
        _add(f"title:{title}")
    if author:
        _add(f"author:{author}")
    if isbn:
        _add(f"isbn:{isbn}")
    if year:
        _add(f"year:{year}")
    if extra:
        for tag in extra:
            _add(tag)

    # Deduplicate while preserving order
    deduped = list(dict.fromkeys(tags))
    return deduped


def fetch_openlibrary_metadata_tags(isbn: Optional[str] = None, olid: Optional[str] = None) -> List[str]:
    """Fetch book metadata from OpenLibrary and return as tags.
    
    Args:
        isbn: ISBN number (with or without isbn: prefix)
        olid: OpenLibrary ID
        
    Returns:
        List of tags extracted from OpenLibrary metadata
    """
    metadata_tags = []
    
    # Try OLID first (preferred), then ISBN
    url = None
    
    if olid:
        # Clean up OLID format
        olid_clean = str(olid).replace('OL', '').replace('M', '').replace('W', '')
        if olid_clean.isdigit():
            url = f"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL{olid_clean}M.json"
        else:
            url = f"https://openlibrary.org/books/{olid}.json"
    elif isbn:
        # Clean up ISBN
        isbn_clean = str(isbn).replace('isbn:', '').strip()
        url = f"https://openlibrary.org/isbn/{isbn_clean}.json"
    
    if not url:
        return metadata_tags
    
    try:
        response = requests.get(url, timeout=10)
        if response.status_code != 200:
            return metadata_tags
            
        data = response.json()
        if not data:
            return metadata_tags
        
        # Extract title
        if 'title' in data:
            metadata_tags.append(f"title:{data['title']}")
        
        # Extract authors
        if 'authors' in data and isinstance(data['authors'], list):
            for author in data['authors'][:3]:
                if isinstance(author, dict) and 'name' in author:
                    metadata_tags.append(f"author:{author['name']}")
                elif isinstance(author, str):
                    metadata_tags.append(f"author:{author}")
        
        # Extract publish date
        if 'publish_date' in data:
            metadata_tags.append(f"publish_date:{data['publish_date']}")
        
        # Extract publishers
        if 'publishers' in data and isinstance(data['publishers'], list):
            for pub in data['publishers'][:1]:
                if isinstance(pub, dict) and 'name' in pub:
                    metadata_tags.append(f"publisher:{pub['name']}")
                elif isinstance(pub, str):
                    metadata_tags.append(f"publisher:{pub}")
        
        # Extract number of pages
        if 'number_of_pages' in data:
            page_count = data['number_of_pages']
            if page_count and isinstance(page_count, int) and page_count > 0:
                metadata_tags.append(f"pages:{page_count}")
        
        # Extract language
        if 'languages' in data and isinstance(data['languages'], list) and data['languages']:
            lang = data['languages'][0]
            if isinstance(lang, dict) and 'key' in lang:
                lang_code = lang['key'].split('/')[-1]
                metadata_tags.append(f"language:{lang_code}")
            elif isinstance(lang, str):
                metadata_tags.append(f"language:{lang}")
        
        # Extract subjects as freeform tags (limit to 5)
        if 'subjects' in data and isinstance(data['subjects'], list):
            for subject in data['subjects'][:5]:
                if subject and isinstance(subject, str):
                    subject_clean = str(subject).strip()
                    if subject_clean:
                        metadata_tags.append(subject_clean)
        
    except Exception as e:
        debug(f"⚠ Failed to fetch OpenLibrary metadata: {e}")
    
    return metadata_tags


def enrich_playlist_entries(entries: list, extractor: str) -> list:
    """Enrich playlist entries with full metadata by fetching individual entry info.
    
    When extract_flat is used, entries contain minimal info (title, id, url).
    This function fetches full metadata for each entry.
    
    Args:
        entries: List of entry dicts from probe_url
        extractor: Extractor name
    
    Returns:
        List of enriched entry dicts
    """
    # Import here to avoid circular dependency
    from SYS.download import is_url_supported_by_ytdlp
    
    if not entries:
        return entries
    
    enriched = []
    for entry in entries:
        # If entry has a direct URL, fetch its full metadata
        entry_url = entry.get("url")
        if entry_url and is_url_supported_by_ytdlp(entry_url):
            try:
                import yt_dlp
                ydl_opts = {
                    "quiet": True,
                    "no_warnings": True,
                    "skip_download": True,
                    "noprogress": True,
                    "socket_timeout": 5,
                    "retries": 1,
                }
                with yt_dlp.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
                    full_info = ydl.extract_info(entry_url, download=False)
                if full_info:
                    enriched.append(full_info)
                    continue
            except Exception:
                pass
        
        # Fallback to original entry if fetch failed
        enriched.append(entry)
    
    return enriched


def format_playlist_entry(entry: Dict[str, Any], index: int, extractor: str) -> Dict[str, Any]:
    """Format a playlist entry for display in result table.
    
    Args:
        entry: Single playlist entry from yt-dlp (fully enriched if possible)
        index: 1-based track number
        extractor: Extractor name (youtube, bandcamp, spotify, etc.)
    
    Returns:
        Dict with displayable fields for result table
    """
    result = {
        "index": index,
        "title": entry.get("title", "Unknown"),
        "duration": entry.get("duration") or entry.get("length") or 0,
        "uploader": entry.get("uploader") or entry.get("creator") or "",
        "artist": entry.get("artist") or entry.get("uploader") or entry.get("creator") or "",
        "album": entry.get("album") or "",
        "track_number": entry.get("track_number") or index,
    }
    
    # Normalize extractor for comparison
    ext_lower = extractor.lower().replace(":", "").replace(" ", "")
    
    # Add site-specific fields
    if "youtube" in ext_lower:
        result["video_id"] = entry.get("id", "")
        result["channel"] = entry.get("uploader") or entry.get("channel", "")
        result["views"] = entry.get("view_count", 0)
    
    elif "bandcamp" in ext_lower:
        result["track_number"] = entry.get("track_number") or index
        # For Bandcamp album entries, track info may be in different fields
        result["artist"] = entry.get("artist") or entry.get("uploader", "")
        result["album"] = entry.get("album") or ""
    
    elif "spotify" in ext_lower:
        result["artists"] = entry.get("creator") or entry.get("uploader", "")
        result["album"] = entry.get("album", "")
        result["release_date"] = entry.get("release_date", "")
    
    return result


# ============================================================================
# Metadata helper functions for tag processing and scraping
# ============================================================================

def extract_title_from_tags(tags_list: List[str]) -> Optional[str]:
    """Extract title from tags list."""
    try:
        extracted = extract_title(tags_list)
        if extracted:
            return extracted
    except Exception:
        pass
    
    for t in tags_list:
        if isinstance(t, str) and t.lower().startswith("title:"):
            val = t.split(":", 1)[1].strip()
            if val:
                return val
    return None


def summarize_tags(tags_list: List[str], limit: int = 8) -> str:
    """Create a summary of tags for display."""
    shown = [t for t in tags_list[:limit] if t]
    summary = ", ".join(shown)
    remaining = max(0, len(tags_list) - len(shown))
    if remaining > 0:
        summary = f"{summary} (+{remaining} more)" if summary else f"(+{remaining} more)"
    if len(summary) > 200:
        summary = summary[:197] + "..."
    return summary


def extract_scrapable_identifiers(tags_list: List[str]) -> Dict[str, str]:
    """Extract scrapable identifiers from tags."""
    identifiers = {}
    scrapable_prefixes = {
        'openlibrary', 'isbn', 'isbn_10', 'isbn_13',
        'musicbrainz', 'musicbrainzalbum', 'imdb', 'tmdb', 'tvdb'
    }
    
    for tag in tags_list:
        if not isinstance(tag, str) or ':' not in tag:
            continue
        
        parts = tag.split(':', 1)
        if len(parts) != 2:
            continue
        
        key_raw = parts[0].strip().lower()
        key = key_raw.replace('-', '_')
        if key == 'isbn10':
            key = 'isbn_10'
        elif key == 'isbn13':
            key = 'isbn_13'
        value = parts[1].strip()
        
        # Normalize ISBN values by removing hyphens for API friendliness
        if key.startswith('isbn'):
            value = value.replace('-', '')
        
        if key in scrapable_prefixes and value:
            identifiers[key] = value
    
    return identifiers


def extract_tag_value(tags_list: List[str], namespace: str) -> Optional[str]:
    """Get first tag value for a namespace (e.g., artist:, title:)."""
    ns = namespace.lower()
    for tag in tags_list:
        if not isinstance(tag, str) or ':' not in tag:
            continue
        prefix, _, value = tag.partition(':')
        if prefix.strip().lower() != ns:
            continue
        candidate = value.strip()
        if candidate:
            return candidate
    return None


def scrape_url_metadata(url: str) -> Tuple[Optional[str], List[str], List[Tuple[str, str]], List[Dict[str, Any]]]:
    """Scrape metadata from a URL using yt-dlp.
    
    Returns:
        (title, tags, formats, playlist_items) tuple where:
        - title: Video/content title
        - tags: List of extracted tags (both namespaced and freeform)
        - formats: List of (display_label, format_id) tuples
        - playlist_items: List of playlist entry dicts (empty if not a playlist)
    """
    try:
        import json as json_module
        
        try:
            from metadata import extract_ytdlp_tags
        except ImportError:
            extract_ytdlp_tags = None
        
        # Build yt-dlp command with playlist support
        # IMPORTANT: Do NOT use --flat-playlist! It strips metadata like artist, album, uploader, genre
        # Without it, yt-dlp gives us full metadata in an 'entries' array within a single JSON object
        # This ensures we get album-level metadata from sources like BandCamp, YouTube Music, etc.
        cmd = [
            "yt-dlp",
            "-j",  # Output JSON
            "--no-warnings",
            "--playlist-items", "1-10",  # Get first 10 items if it's a playlist (provides entries)
            "-f", "best",
            url
        ]
        
        result = subprocess.run(cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30)
        
        if result.returncode != 0:
            log(f"yt-dlp error: {result.stderr}", file=sys.stderr)
            return None, [], [], []
        
        # Parse JSON output - WITHOUT --flat-playlist, we get ONE JSON object with 'entries' array
        # This gives us full metadata instead of flat format
        lines = result.stdout.strip().split('\n')
        if not lines or not lines[0]:
            log("yt-dlp returned empty output", file=sys.stderr)
            return None, [], [], []
        
        # Parse the single JSON object
        try:
            data = json_module.loads(lines[0])
        except json_module.JSONDecodeError as e:
            log(f"Failed to parse yt-dlp JSON: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return None, [], [], []
        
        # Extract title - use the main title
        title = data.get('title', 'Unknown')
        
        # Determine if this is a playlist/album (has entries array)
        # is_playlist = 'entries' in data and isinstance(data.get('entries'), list)
        
        # Extract tags and playlist items
        tags = []
        playlist_items = []
        
        # IMPORTANT: Extract album/playlist-level tags FIRST (before processing entries)
        # This ensures we get metadata about the collection, not just individual tracks
        if extract_ytdlp_tags:
            album_tags = extract_ytdlp_tags(data)
            tags.extend(album_tags)
        
        # Case 1: Entries are nested in the main object (standard playlist structure)
        if 'entries' in data and isinstance(data.get('entries'), list):
            entries = data['entries']
            # Build playlist items with title and duration
            for idx, entry in enumerate(entries, 1):
                if isinstance(entry, dict):
                    item_title = entry.get('title', entry.get('id', f'Track {idx}'))
                    item_duration = entry.get('duration', 0)
                    playlist_items.append({
                        'index': idx,
                        'id': entry.get('id', f'track_{idx}'),
                        'title': item_title,
                        'duration': item_duration,
                        'url': entry.get('url') or entry.get('webpage_url', ''),
                    })
                    
                    # Extract tags from each entry and merge (but don't duplicate album-level tags)
                    # Only merge entry tags that are multi-value prefixes (not single-value like title:, artist:, etc.)
                    if extract_ytdlp_tags:
                        entry_tags = extract_ytdlp_tags(entry)
                        
                        # Single-value namespaces that should not be duplicated from entries
                        single_value_namespaces = {'title', 'artist', 'album', 'creator', 'channel', 'release_date', 'upload_date', 'license', 'location'}
                        
                        for tag in entry_tags:
                            # Extract the namespace (part before the colon)
                            tag_namespace = tag.split(':', 1)[0].lower() if ':' in tag else None
                            
                            # Skip if this namespace already exists in tags (from album level)
                            if tag_namespace and tag_namespace in single_value_namespaces:
                                # Check if any tag with this namespace already exists in tags
                                already_has_namespace = any(
                                    t.split(':', 1)[0].lower() == tag_namespace 
                                    for t in tags if ':' in t
                                )
                                if already_has_namespace:
                                    continue  # Skip this tag, keep the album-level one
                            
                            if tag not in tags:  # Avoid exact duplicates
                                tags.append(tag)
        
        # Case 2: Playlist detected by playlist_count field (BandCamp albums, etc.)
        # These need a separate call with --flat-playlist to get the actual entries
        elif (data.get('playlist_count') or 0) > 0 and 'entries' not in data:
            try:
                # Make a second call with --flat-playlist to get the actual tracks
                flat_cmd = [
                    "yt-dlp",
                    "-j",
                    "--no-warnings",
                    "--flat-playlist",
                    "-f", "best",
                    url
                ]
                flat_result = subprocess.run(flat_cmd, capture_output=True, text=True, timeout=30)
                if flat_result.returncode == 0:
                    flat_lines = flat_result.stdout.strip().split('\n')
                    # With --flat-playlist, each line is a separate track JSON object
                    # (not nested in a playlist container), so process ALL lines
                    for idx, line in enumerate(flat_lines, 1):
                        if line.strip().startswith('{'):
                            try:
                                entry = json_module.loads(line)
                                item_title = entry.get('title', entry.get('id', f'Track {idx}'))
                                item_duration = entry.get('duration', 0)
                                playlist_items.append({
                                    'index': idx,
                                    'id': entry.get('id', f'track_{idx}'),
                                    'title': item_title,
                                    'duration': item_duration,
                                    'url': entry.get('url') or entry.get('webpage_url', ''),
                                })
                            except json_module.JSONDecodeError:
                                pass
            except Exception as e:
                pass  # Silently ignore if we can't get playlist entries
        

        # Fallback: if still no tags detected, get from first item
        if not tags and extract_ytdlp_tags:
            tags = extract_ytdlp_tags(data)
        
        # Extract formats from the main data object
        formats = []
        if 'formats' in data:
            formats = extract_url_formats(data.get('formats', []))
        
        # Deduplicate tags by namespace to prevent duplicate title:, artist:, etc.
        try:
            if dedup_tags_by_namespace:
                tags = dedup_tags_by_namespace(tags, keep_first=True)
        except Exception:
            pass  # If dedup fails, return tags as-is
        
        return title, tags, formats, playlist_items

    except subprocess.TimeoutExpired:
        log("yt-dlp timeout (>30s)", file=sys.stderr)
        return None, [], [], []
    except Exception as e:
        log(f"URL scraping error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
        return None, [], [], []


def extract_url_formats(formats: list) -> List[Tuple[str, str]]:
    """Extract best formats from yt-dlp formats list.
    
    Returns list of (display_label, format_id) tuples.
    """
    try:
        video_formats = {}  # {resolution: format_data}
        audio_formats = {}  # {quality_label: format_data}
        
        for fmt in formats:
            vcodec = fmt.get('vcodec', 'none')
            acodec = fmt.get('acodec', 'none')
            height = fmt.get('height')
            ext = fmt.get('ext', 'unknown')
            format_id = fmt.get('format_id', '')
            tbr = fmt.get('tbr', 0)
            abr = fmt.get('abr', 0)
            
            # Video format
            if vcodec and vcodec != 'none' and height:
                if height < 480:
                    continue
                res_key = f"{height}p"
                if res_key not in video_formats or tbr > video_formats[res_key].get('tbr', 0):
                    video_formats[res_key] = {
                        'label': f"{height}p ({ext})",
                        'format_id': format_id,
                        'tbr': tbr,
                    }
            
            # Audio-only format
            elif acodec and acodec != 'none' and (not vcodec or vcodec == 'none'):
                audio_key = f"audio_{abr}"
                if audio_key not in audio_formats or abr > audio_formats[audio_key].get('abr', 0):
                    audio_formats[audio_key] = {
                        'label': f"audio ({ext})",
                        'format_id': format_id,
                        'abr': abr,
                    }
        
        result = []
        
        # Add video formats in descending resolution order
        for res in sorted(video_formats.keys(), key=lambda x: int(x.replace('p', '')), reverse=True):
            fmt = video_formats[res]
            result.append((fmt['label'], fmt['format_id']))
        
        # Add best audio format
        if audio_formats:
            best_audio = max(audio_formats.values(), key=lambda x: x.get('abr', 0))
            result.append((best_audio['label'], best_audio['format_id']))
        
        return result
    
    except Exception as e:
        log(f"Error extracting formats: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
        return []


def scrape_isbn_metadata(isbn: str) -> List[str]:
    """Scrape metadata for an ISBN using Open Library API."""
    new_tags = []
    try:
        from API.HTTP import HTTPClient
        import json as json_module
        
        isbn_clean = isbn.replace('-', '').strip()
        url = f"https://openlibrary.org/api/books?bibkeys=ISBN:{isbn_clean}&jscmd=data&format=json"
        
        try:
            with HTTPClient() as client:
                response = client.get(url)
                response.raise_for_status()
                data = json_module.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
        except Exception as e:
            log(f"Failed to fetch ISBN metadata: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return []
        
        if not data:
            log(f"No ISBN metadata found for: {isbn}")
            return []
        
        book_data = next(iter(data.values()), None)
        if not book_data:
            return []
        
        if 'title' in book_data:
            new_tags.append(f"title:{book_data['title']}")
        
        if 'authors' in book_data and isinstance(book_data['authors'], list):
            for author in book_data['authors'][:3]:
                if 'name' in author:
                    new_tags.append(f"author:{author['name']}")
        
        if 'publish_date' in book_data:
            new_tags.append(f"publish_date:{book_data['publish_date']}")
        
        if 'publishers' in book_data and isinstance(book_data['publishers'], list):
            for pub in book_data['publishers'][:1]:
                if 'name' in pub:
                    new_tags.append(f"publisher:{pub['name']}")
        
        if 'description' in book_data:
            desc = book_data['description']
            if isinstance(desc, dict) and 'value' in desc:
                desc = desc['value']
            if desc:
                desc_str = str(desc).strip()
                # Include description if available (limit to 200 chars to keep it manageable)
                if len(desc_str) > 0:
                    new_tags.append(f"description:{desc_str[:200]}")
        
        if 'number_of_pages' in book_data:
            page_count = book_data['number_of_pages']
            if page_count and isinstance(page_count, int) and page_count > 0:
                new_tags.append(f"pages:{page_count}")
        
        if 'identifiers' in book_data and isinstance(book_data['identifiers'], dict):
            identifiers = book_data['identifiers']
            
            if 'openlibrary' in identifiers:
                ol_ids = identifiers['openlibrary']
                if isinstance(ol_ids, list) and ol_ids:
                    new_tags.append(f"openlibrary:{ol_ids[0]}")
                elif isinstance(ol_ids, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"openlibrary:{ol_ids}")
            
            if 'lccn' in identifiers:
                lccn_list = identifiers['lccn']
                if isinstance(lccn_list, list) and lccn_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"lccn:{lccn_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(lccn_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"lccn:{lccn_list}")
            
            if 'oclc' in identifiers:
                oclc_list = identifiers['oclc']
                if isinstance(oclc_list, list) and oclc_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"oclc:{oclc_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(oclc_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"oclc:{oclc_list}")
            
            if 'goodreads' in identifiers:
                goodreads_list = identifiers['goodreads']
                if isinstance(goodreads_list, list) and goodreads_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"goodreads:{goodreads_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(goodreads_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"goodreads:{goodreads_list}")
            
            if 'librarything' in identifiers:
                lt_list = identifiers['librarything']
                if isinstance(lt_list, list) and lt_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"librarything:{lt_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(lt_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"librarything:{lt_list}")
            
            if 'doi' in identifiers:
                doi_list = identifiers['doi']
                if isinstance(doi_list, list) and doi_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"doi:{doi_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(doi_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"doi:{doi_list}")
            
            if 'internet_archive' in identifiers:
                ia_list = identifiers['internet_archive']
                if isinstance(ia_list, list) and ia_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"internet_archive:{ia_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(ia_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"internet_archive:{ia_list}")
        
        log(f"Found {len(new_tags)} tag(s) from ISBN lookup")
        return new_tags
    except Exception as e:
        log(f"ISBN scraping error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
        return []


def scrape_openlibrary_metadata(olid: str) -> List[str]:
    """Scrape metadata for an OpenLibrary ID using the .json API endpoint.
    
    Fetches from https://openlibrary.org/books/{OLID}.json and extracts:
    - Title, authors, publish date, publishers
    - Description
    - Subjects as freeform tags (without namespace prefix)
    - Identifiers (ISBN, LCCN, OCLC, etc.)
    """
    new_tags = []
    try:
        from API.HTTP import HTTPClient
        import json as json_module
        
        # Format: OL9674499M or just 9674499M
        olid_clean = olid.replace('OL', '').replace('M', '')
        if not olid_clean.isdigit():
            olid_clean = olid
        
        # Ensure we have the full OLID format for the URL
        if not olid.startswith('OL'):
            url = f"https://openlibrary.org/books/OL{olid_clean}M.json"
        else:
            url = f"https://openlibrary.org/books/{olid}.json"
        
        try:
            with HTTPClient() as client:
                response = client.get(url)
                response.raise_for_status()
                data = json_module.loads(response.content.decode('utf-8'))
        except Exception as e:
            log(f"Failed to fetch OpenLibrary metadata: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
            return []
        
        if not data:
            log(f"No OpenLibrary metadata found for: {olid}")
            return []
        
        # Add title
        if 'title' in data:
            new_tags.append(f"title:{data['title']}")
        
        # Add authors
        if 'authors' in data and isinstance(data['authors'], list):
            for author in data['authors'][:3]:
                if isinstance(author, dict) and 'name' in author:
                    new_tags.append(f"author:{author['name']}")
                elif isinstance(author, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"author:{author}")
        
        # Add publish date
        if 'publish_date' in data:
            new_tags.append(f"publish_date:{data['publish_date']}")
        
        # Add publishers
        if 'publishers' in data and isinstance(data['publishers'], list):
            for pub in data['publishers'][:1]:
                if isinstance(pub, dict) and 'name' in pub:
                    new_tags.append(f"publisher:{pub['name']}")
                elif isinstance(pub, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"publisher:{pub}")
        
        # Add description
        if 'description' in data:
            desc = data['description']
            if isinstance(desc, dict) and 'value' in desc:
                desc = desc['value']
            if desc:
                desc_str = str(desc).strip()
                if len(desc_str) > 0:
                    new_tags.append(f"description:{desc_str[:200]}")
        
        # Add number of pages
        if 'number_of_pages' in data:
            page_count = data['number_of_pages']
            if page_count and isinstance(page_count, int) and page_count > 0:
                new_tags.append(f"pages:{page_count}")
        
        # Add subjects as FREEFORM tags (no namespace prefix)
        if 'subjects' in data and isinstance(data['subjects'], list):
            for subject in data['subjects'][:10]:
                if subject and isinstance(subject, str):
                    subject_clean = str(subject).strip()
                    if subject_clean and subject_clean not in new_tags:
                        new_tags.append(subject_clean)
        
        # Add identifiers
        if 'identifiers' in data and isinstance(data['identifiers'], dict):
            identifiers = data['identifiers']
            
            if 'isbn_10' in identifiers:
                isbn_10_list = identifiers['isbn_10']
                if isinstance(isbn_10_list, list) and isbn_10_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"isbn_10:{isbn_10_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(isbn_10_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"isbn_10:{isbn_10_list}")
            
            if 'isbn_13' in identifiers:
                isbn_13_list = identifiers['isbn_13']
                if isinstance(isbn_13_list, list) and isbn_13_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"isbn_13:{isbn_13_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(isbn_13_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"isbn_13:{isbn_13_list}")
            
            if 'lccn' in identifiers:
                lccn_list = identifiers['lccn']
                if isinstance(lccn_list, list) and lccn_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"lccn:{lccn_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(lccn_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"lccn:{lccn_list}")
            
            if 'oclc_numbers' in identifiers:
                oclc_list = identifiers['oclc_numbers']
                if isinstance(oclc_list, list) and oclc_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"oclc:{oclc_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(oclc_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"oclc:{oclc_list}")
            
            if 'goodreads' in identifiers:
                goodreads_list = identifiers['goodreads']
                if isinstance(goodreads_list, list) and goodreads_list:
                    new_tags.append(f"goodreads:{goodreads_list[0]}")
                elif isinstance(goodreads_list, str):
                    new_tags.append(f"goodreads:{goodreads_list}")
        
        log(f"Found {len(new_tags)} tag(s) from OpenLibrary lookup")
        return new_tags
    except Exception as e:
        log(f"OpenLibrary scraping error: {e}", file=sys.stderr)
        return []


def perform_metadata_scraping(tags_list: List[str]) -> List[str]:
    """Perform scraping based on identifiers in tags.
    
    Priority order:
    1. openlibrary: (preferred - more complete metadata)
    2. isbn_10 or isbn (fallback)
    """
    identifiers = extract_scrapable_identifiers(tags_list)
    
    if not identifiers:
        log("No scrapable identifiers found (openlibrary, ISBN, musicbrainz, imdb)")
        return []
    
    log(f"Found scrapable identifiers: {', '.join(identifiers.keys())}")
    
    new_tags = []
    
    # Prefer OpenLibrary over ISBN (more complete metadata)
    if 'openlibrary' in identifiers:
        olid = identifiers['openlibrary']
        if olid:
            log(f"Scraping OpenLibrary: {olid}")
            new_tags.extend(scrape_openlibrary_metadata(olid))
    elif 'isbn_13' in identifiers or 'isbn_10' in identifiers or 'isbn' in identifiers:
        isbn = identifiers.get('isbn_13') or identifiers.get('isbn_10') or identifiers.get('isbn')
        if isbn:
            log(f"Scraping ISBN: {isbn}")
            new_tags.extend(scrape_isbn_metadata(isbn))
    
    existing_tags_lower = {tag.lower() for tag in tags_list}
    scraped_unique = []
    seen = set()
    for tag in new_tags:
        tag_lower = tag.lower()
        if tag_lower not in existing_tags_lower and tag_lower not in seen:
            scraped_unique.append(tag)
            seen.add(tag_lower)
    
    if scraped_unique:
        log(f"Added {len(scraped_unique)} new tag(s) from scraping")
    
    return scraped_unique